Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Assisted Ventilation in Status Asthmaticus Essays
Assisted Ventilation in Status Asthmaticus Essays Assisted Ventilation in Status Asthmaticus Paper Assisted Ventilation in Status Asthmaticus Paper Assisted Ventilation in Status Asthmaticus Background When a patient is admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with a diagnosis of status asthmaticus, it means that the asthma attack is extremely severe and critical. In this situation, the patient does not respond to high doses of steroids and inhaled bronchodilators. According to Groth, this resistance to medication is most likely the consequence of three things that make it extremely hard to get air in and lout of the lungs. These three factors are as follows:  ·Ã‚        Bronchospasm, which is a condition of an extreme spasm of the airways.  ·Ã‚        Edema, which is a condition when the lining of the airways is swelling.  ·Ã‚        Thick mucus secretions in the airways. Normally, when an individual breathe in, the airways are pulled open when the chest wall becomes larger; however, when the individual breathe out, the airways have a tendency to collapse, locking in air in the chest. However, when a person is an asthmatic, emptying the lungs takes a long time for the reason that the airways are restricted. An asthmatic person cannot totally empty the lungs prior to having to take one more breath. When a person is severely asthmatic, he/she experiences shorter breathing so he/she tries to breathe faster and he/she has little time to exhale. When this happens, the lungs keep hold of, or â€Å"trap,†lots of air, which is called hyperinflation or air-trapping. Moreover, this procedure makes it more difficult to take another breath in, and the breathing muscles have to try harder and make more effort to take in any air. Groth said that a young or if not a healthy asthmatic can more often than not surmount this complexity, but at the expense of a c onsiderable strain on the breathing muscles. Then, when this demand is continued for too long, for instance due to resistance to medicine, the asthmatic person’s breathing muscles can get exhausted and he/she will acquire respiratory failure. Furthermore, according to Corbridge and Hall (1995), status asthmaticus is a life threatening type of asthma described as a situation in which an increasingly worsening attack is impassive or not responsive to the customary proper treatment with adrenergic drugs and that causes pulmonary insufficiency. The most important mechanical occurrence in status asthmaticus is a progressive rise in airflow resistance. In addition, mucosal edema or inflammation and mucous plugging are the primary causes for the late recovery in status asthmaticus. Ibsen added that the combination of acidosis, hypercapia, and hypoxia together with the mechanical consequences of increased lung volumes might bring about or cardiovascular arrest or cardiovascular depression. Indications for ICU Admission            Schwarz and Lubinsky (1997) asserts that a person with status asthmaticus should be admitted to ICU when he/she feels the following:  ·Ã‚        Exhaustion  ·Ã‚        Altered sensorium  ·Ã‚        Presence of high-risk factors  ·Ã‚        Use of continuous inhaled beta-agonist therapy  ·Ã‚        Failure to improve in spite of adequate therapy  ·Ã‚        Increasing PCO2 ins spite of treatment  ·Ã‚        Markedly decreased air entry Due to difficulty in breathing, a person with status asthmaticus admitted in then ICU is ventilated through assisted or mechanical ventilation. Groth said that a mechanical ventilator takes over the function of breathing in the course of status asthmaticus; however, it does nothing to overturn airway inflammation or bronchospasm. The main function of a mechanical ventilator is to sustain breathing for the exhausted muscles until such a time when a variety of medications become helpful and effective. For a patient in the ICU to obtain mechanical ventilation, he/she needs an endotracheal tube, which is a plastic tube that is inserted by means of the nose or mouth into the windpipe or trachea and is linked to the ventilator. Moreover, the patient must likewise be sedated with an opioid-like morphine called fentanyl and medically paralyzed so as to let the ventilator function effectively and to make the patient comfortable. Mechanical Ventilation            If the patient has already undergone rapid extubation but still suffers difficulty of breathing, there is probably a failure in extubation. Werner (2001) says that extubation is a major complication of translaryngeal intubation, but its impact on mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), length of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay, and need for ongoing hospital care has not been adequately defined.            Hence, in the case of extubation failure, the patient in the ICU should be intubated. Epstein et al., (2000) said that as many as 20% of extubated patients require reintubation (specifically extubation failure) within 72 hours of extubation, with the exact prevalence depending on numerous factors. The pathophysiologic basis of extubation failure is often different from the cause of weaning failure. Extubation failure substantially prolongs the duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, and hospital stay, and substantially increases hospital mortality. Therefore, prediction of extubation outcome and prevention of extubation failure may be critically important. Unfortunately, standard weaning tests have not proven sufficiently accurate in predicting extubation outcome. New semi-objective measurements of cough strength and secretion volume can help recognize patients at increased danger for extubation failure. It is signifi cant to observe that mortality increases with reintubation delay, which illustrates that clinical worsening might occur during the period without ventilatory support. As a result, better result possibly will come from rapid detection of patients at increased danger, followed by quick reinstitution of ventilatory support when extubation failure happens. Schwarz and Lubinsky (1997) also said that the patient in the ICU should be intubated and mechanically ventilated he/she suffers the following:  ·Ã‚        Diminishing level of consciousness  ·Ã‚        Significant hypoxemia that is poorly responsive or unresponsive to supplemental oxygen therapy alone  ·Ã‚        Apnea or respiratory arrest  ·Ã‚        Impending respiratory failure marked by significantly rising PCO2 with fatigue, decreased air movement, and altered level of consciousness The choice to intubate an asthmatic should be done with tremendous concern. According to Cox, Barker and Bohn (1991), positive pressure ventilation in an asthmatic person is made difficult by acute air trapping and airway obstruction that causes hyperinflated lungs, which might refuse to accept further inflation and puts the patient at high danger of barotrauma. As a result, mechanical ventilation must be carried out just in the face of constant deterioration regardless of maximal bronchodilatory therapy. Moreover, Werner (2001) agrees that the assessment and choice to intubate an asthmatic should not be taken without due consideration, and intubation must be prevented if possible. Tracheal intubation may aggravate bronchospasm (O’Rourke Crone, 1982) and positive pressure ventilation will significantly boost the danger of circulatory depression and barotraumas (Williams et al., 1992). According to Corbridge and Hall (1995), ventilator management can be challenging to a certain extent. For this reason, the following principles should be applied in taking care of a patient with status asthmaticus in the ICU:            1.Do not attempt to regulate or normalize the pCO2. Tolerate hypercapnia, and make use of pharmacologic buffering agents if needed to raise the pH to 7.2. How high a pCO2 you could do with to endure is determined by the pressures required to ventilate the patient.            2.Make an effort to keep plateau (alveolar) pressures 30-35 cm H20. Peak pressures might be higher than this because of increased airways resistance.            3.Small tidal volumes are typically required because of propensity and high resistance for air trapping. 5-7 cc/kg is a logical and practical place to begin.            4.Rate must be low and expiratory time long, inspiratory time somewhat short. The plan is to leave as much time as possible for expiration, without causing the inspiratory pressure to be extremely high since you are attempting to get the gas in over too short a period. Rates of 10-14 and I:E ratios of 1:4 to 1:6 are usual.            5. Pressure cycled or volume cycled ventilation can be employed. If employing volume-cycled ventilation, be certain to look at the pressures generated cautiously. If employing pressure cycled, the ventilator will typically not arrive at â€Å"plateau†or no flow, and you have to look at the volumes delivered. Regular reassessment is vital.            6.If you come across problem with oxygenation or just cannot move the chest, manually bag the patient and re-examine therapy and ventilator strategy.            7.Case series and some anecdotes show that there has been certain success with the use of pressure support ventilation in the sedated, but not paralysed, intubated asthmatic. Its regular use has not been subjected to controlled trials.            8.The patient should be well sedated and generally paralyzed during mechanical ventilation. Constant infusions or doses scheduled on a regular basis must be used.            9.Premedicate with lidocaine and extra sedation prior to suctioning to lessen the bronchoconstriction in reaction to stimulation.            10.Go on with insistent bronchodilator therapy-aerosols or MDIs, atrovent, intravenous terbutaline, and steroids. Take into account â€Å"kitchen sink†therapies like ketamine, magnesium, isoflurane, and helium. Respiratory Acidosis, Metabolic Acidosis and Permissive Hypercapnea as a Lung Protective Strategy According to (Rebuck and Read, 1971), the customary regulation that respiratory acidosis determines or affects intubation has become outdated. With the start of more insistent utilization of inhaled b-agonist therapy, 1% of asthmatic children confined in the hospital (Cox, Barker and Bohn, 1991) and around 5 to 10% of asthmatic patients confined in pediatric intensive care (Pirie et al., 1998) need intubation. Rebuck and Read (1971) maintains that asthma is a sickness of airway obstruction, specifically, increased airway resistance, causing persistence of the time constant or the time required for lung units to fill and empty. Hence, slow ventilator rates are typically required. Tuxen and Lane (1987) also claims that during high peak airway pressures, the rule of mechanical ventilation of patients with status asthmaticus is controlled hypoventilation, putting up with higher levels of PCO2 so as to peak inspiratory pressures and reduce tidal volume. The incidence of respiratory acidosis goes after that of hypercarbia (Nowak, 1983). In addition to acute airflow limitation, metabolic acidosis might also happen (McFadden and Lyons, 1968). Numerous instruments are possibly included. Then, according to Roncoroni et al. (1976), if cardiac output is compromised, hypoxia of the peripheral tissues might trigger lactic acidosis to build up or worsen. Furthermore, increased oxygen consumption by the respiratory muscles might be a factor as well. Also, it might likewise be generated with the aggressive administration of nonselective sympathomimetics (Appel et al, 1983). Darioli and Perret (1984) established the idea of controlled hypoventilation with lower-than-traditional respiratory rates and tidal volumes in asthmatic adult patients, and discovered a significantly reduced frequency of barotrauma and death measured up to to historical control subjects. Meanwhile, this idea has been broadly accepted and realized to develop outcomes in asthmatic adult patients. Moreover, this concept, which is called permissive hypercapnia has also been reported in asthmatic children patients. Dworkin and Kattan (1989) dispensed mechanical ventilation to 10 children with the purpose of keeping peak inspiratory pressure , 60 cm H2O and arterial pH . 7.10; Paco2 ranged from 40 to 90 mm Hg; then, they did not detect air leak following intubation, and all of the 10 children survived. In addition, Cox et al (1991) said that when asthmatic children being given mechanical ventilation with initial tidal volumes of 10 to 12 mL/kg at rates of 8 to 12 breaths/min, inspirat ory time was set at 1 to 1.5 s (considering an expiratory time of approximately 5 s), and tidal volumes were modified to keep peak inspiratory pressures at 45 cm H2O, just two postintubation pneumothoraces were observed, and all children survived without sequelae in spite of considerable hypercarbia throughout mechanical ventilation. Werner (2001) said that permissive hypercapnia could be endured provided that the patient continues to be sufficiently oxygenated. A longer I:E ratio, frequently more than 1:3-4, helps tolerate slow but total emptying of the lungs during exhalation, helping and assisting ventilation and preventing unnecessary further air-trapping (auto-PEEP). The utilization of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is contentious (Werner, 2001). A person with status asthmaticus in respiratory failure on mechanical ventilation frequently has a considerable amount of air trapping that causes intrinsic PEEP, which possibly will be worsened by means of continuing PEEP during exhalation. Nevertheless, a number of patients may perhaps gain by the addition of PEEP, maybe by way of preserving airway patency during exhalation. Therefore, in a patient in the ICU who continues to be refractory to the initial ventilatory settings with no or very low PEEP, carefully escalating the PEEP may possibly demonstrate to be beneficial. Werner (2001) added that customarily, slow controlled ventilation with heavy sedation and with or without muscle relaxation is the strategy employed to ventilate patients with status asthmaticus. However, warning is necessitated, because the use of muscle relaxants with high-dose steroids has been linked with the growth of prolonged paralysis. On the other hand, a number of practitioners give an account of ventilating children with status asthmaticus with pressure support alone, enabling the patient to set his or her own respiratory rate as identified by his or her own physiologic time stable at the same time helping ventilation by means of relieving the fatigue caused by considerable work of breathing. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV), for instance, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bimodal positive airway pressure (BiPAP) delivered by way of a facemask, has been utilized for support of status asthmaticus. NPPV has been demonstrated to splint the airways, letting better exhalation and emptying (Werner 2001). Tuxen and Lane (1987) asserted that patients necessitate monitoring and supportive measures during mechanical ventilation. They also said that patients might be uneasy and air hungry while ventilated with low respiratory rates, and hypercapnia as a result of an approach of controlled hypoventilation. Preferably, flow-volume loops should be monitored to determine if sufficient time is given for exhalation to evade breath stacking, which happens if the next breath is delivered prior to exhalation is finished. Moreover, monitoring auto–positive end-expiratory pressure (auto-PEEP) and exhaled tidal volume is vital as well. Pirie et al. (1998) said that electrolytes and fluids must be monitored. Prior to arrival in the hospital, children with status asthmaticus have frequently had reduced oral intake and might have been vomiting as a consequence of respiratory difficulty or adversative effects from their medications. This causes decreased intravascular volume status that might be potentiated by the outcomes of positive pressure ventilation. Furthermore, cardiac output might be reduced as a consequence of lessened preload that are caused by auto-PEEP and air trapping. This decreased cardiac output and intravascular volume might perhaps be complemented by metabolic acidosis. Intravascular fluid expansion is necessary to cure hypotension, hypoperfusion, or metabolic acidosis. Moreover, diastolic hypotension might irregularly develop from high doses of beta-agonists. A vasoconstrictor (specifically, phenylephrine or norepinephrine,) might be taken into account if considerable diastolic hypotension in the face of sufficient intravascular volume persists. Monitor serum electrolyte levels, as medications used to treat asthma can result in significant kaliuresis (Tuxen and Lane, 1987). Meanwhile, Nowak et al. (19833) said that placement of indwelling arterial catheters offers nonstop blood pressure monitoring in addition to arterial blood gas sampling. They also maintained that blood gases must be monitored to evaluate response or reaction to therapy in mechanically ventilated patients.            Meanwhile, mechanical ventilation utilizing unsuitable settings can generate acute inflammatory response in the lund and acute parenchymal lung injury. The related release of cytokines into alveoli and the systemic circulation (Ranieri et al., 1999) might be a factor to multiple organ dysfunction (Slutsky and Tremblay, 1998) and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). â€Å"Lung-protective†ventilation strategies try to evade these outcomes by means of restraining peak lung distension and evading end-expiratory collapse, tolerating the hypercapnia that frequently results; such strategies decreased mortality rate in ARDS in two randomized trials (Slutsky and Tremblay, 1998). Hypercapnia is normally considered as an adverse result of limiting alveolar stress, but in a series of studies, Laffey, Engelberts and Kavanagh (2000) have asked whether hypercapnic acidosis per se might be a factor to the advantages of lung-protective ventilation. They demonstrated that in isolated perfused rabbit lungs, respiratory acidosis protected the lung from ischemia–reperfusion injury, while respiratory alkalosis potentiated the damage. The protective result of respiratory acidosis was linked with inhibition of xanthine oxidase, and was prohibited by means of buffering the acidosis; specifically, the protection was because of the acidosis instead of hypercapnia.            Acidosis restrains the cytokine expression and respiratory burst in macrophages (Roncoroni et al., 1976). Then, Laffey, Engelberts and Kavanagh (2000) have talked about other studies recommending cytoprotection by hypercapnic acidosis. Hence, even though it appears that it is impossible that all of the evident advantage of lung protective ventilation is a direct result of hypercapnia, the hypothesis tackled by Laffey, Engelberts and Kavanagh (2000) is a significant and sensible one. If â€Å"lung-protective ventilation†in ARDS does decrease pulmonary and systemic inflammation, and possibly multiple organ dysfunction, hypercapnic acidosis as such could possibly be somewhat responsible, maybe by downregulating inflammatory cells, and perhaps other mechanisms in addition to inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Therapy and Care in the ICU ICU therapy begins in step-wise fashion and escalates to a â€Å"kitchen sink†approach. This is because there is fairly little data which points to one combination of therapies being superior to others, and because an asthmatic deteriorating despite â€Å"usual†therapy is in significant danger. Standard therapy includes steroids (solumedrol) and beta-agonists (intermittent aerosols, continuous aerosols, or intravenous terbutaline). â€Å"Adjunctive†therapy includes anticholinergic agents (Atrovent). Chest physiotherapy and/or IPV (intermittent percussive ventilation) may be helpful and/or necessary for some patients.â€Å"Kitchen sink†therapies include magnesium, helium, ketamine, antibiotics, inhalational anesthetics, aerosolized lasix.            Based on the literature of Groth, the patient in the ICU must be prescribed continuous nebulization of albuterol for the first eighteen hours after the patient’s admission to the Intensive Care Unit and then switch to intermittent albuterol every two hours. Inhaled ipratropium could also be added every 6 hours. Ipratropium is an anticholinergic bronchodilator, and reduces bronchoconstriction through a different means. Then the patient will continue to be treated with a high dose of intravenous corticosteroids. He/she will also be given antibiotics if he/she has a fever, a high white blood cell count, and increased cough and mucus indicating that he/she has an infection.            Groth also asserted that several of the treatments of last resort employed in status asthmaticus consist of giving general anesthesia with inhalational anesthetics, which are very effective and powerful bronchodilators. Nevertheless, the help of an anesthesiologist will be needed to give this kind of treatment. Intravenous anesthetics like ketamin, can be useful as well. Recommendations Sin Fai Lam, Mow and Chew (1992) said that a more open-minded use of the ICU for patients with severe asthma has formerly been promoted. Procrastination might bring about a respiratory arrest. The result is at all times worse following a respiratory arrest; Lee, Tan and Lim (1997) gave an account of a merely 50% survival from hypoxic brain damage following a respiratory arrest despite good intensive care treatment. It is not advantageous to wait until the patient is almost dilapidated from CO narcosis to take control of the airway. If active airway intervention is unavoidable, it is preferable to come up with this decision early instead of late. This means that it is better to be pro-active instead of procrastinating. Early endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in the patient with life threatening asthma might be practical procedures that can save life and bring about good clinical outcome. Complete signs for intubation are cardiac and respiratory arrest or considerable alteration in mental state. At other instances, the decision made in the face of increasing exhaustion and progressive deterioration. Based on the various literature discussed in this paper, would like to see more patients who need ventilation be intubated electively instead of as a consequence of a cardiorespiratory arrest. Blood gas abnormalities by itself are not a sign to intubate the patient. Several patients with respiratory acidosis and hypercapnia will respond and react to treatment with bronchodilators and do not need mechanical ventilation. More significant is the development in clinical findings and in the arterial blood gases. Furthermore, procrastination in the instigation of mechanical ventilation when it is certainly necessary is connected to the fear of complications. Definitely, contemplation and reflection should at all times be provided to the possible dangers. Intubation in a dyspnoeic, relentless and anxious patient must be carried out by the most knowledgeable and skilled clinician available. A large endotracheal tube must be chosen because it helps suction and lessens airways resistance. Based on the literature, there are advantages of both oral and nasotracheal intubation, and sedative options in the preparation of the patient differ among people. When endotracheal intubation has been performed, the physician’s priority should be to take control with positive pressure ventilation. This will necessitate the utilization of sufficient sedation and typically paralysis with a muscle relaxant. Paralysis might regularly merely be necessary in the first stages of ventilation, and must be weaned off as soon as possible to lessen the danger of acute myopathy. Ventilation must primarily be in the CMV manner. Ventilatory settings should also be selected to evade extreme lung inflation. This approach will lessen the danger of systemic hypotension or pneumothorax. Lung inflation is lessened by means of permitting a sufficient time for exhalation (TE). Meanwhile, expiratory time may perhaps be prolonged by means of reducing minute ventilation (VE) by either minimizing inspiratory time (TI) or lowering respiratory rate RR or tidal volume (VT). Inspiratory time is lessened through increasing inspiratory flow rate and by means of employing a square flow wave form. Tidal volumes of 8-10 mls/kg with a respiratory rate of 10-14 and inspiratory flow rates of 60 L/min or higher are frequently appropriate (Sin Fai Lam, Mow and Chew, 1992). A suitable peak airway pressure of 50 mm H20 should be aimed for. Furthermore, controlled hypoventilation is a method employed to lessen the danger of hypotension and barotrauma. The goal is to guarantee sufficient oxygenation, stay away from extreme dynamic hyperinflation (DHI) and tolerate a degree of hypoventilation. It is completely tolerable to let the PCO 2to increase so as to evade DHI. One must not try to normalize the PCO2 to the detriment of DHI (Lee, Tan and Lim, 1997). Hypotension might be attributed to too much DHI. A short experiment of apnoea (30-45 seconds) is indicative, as blood pressure rises and venous return increases during the period of apnoea. If this does not occur, other causes of hypotension like fluid depletion, tension pneumothorax, unnecessary sedation or myocardial depression should be taken into account. Lastly, A number of studies have evidently revealed that mechanical ventilation saves lives in life-threatening asthma (Sin Fai Lam, Mow and Chew, 1992). With good ICU management, the period of required ventilation is short, complications can be kept to a minimum, and there is more often than not no problem in weaning the patient off the ventilator. Nevertheless, we should remember that ultimately, the therapy and remedy of acute life-threatening asthma does not merely begin 3 days prior to the attack, but much earlier, as most acute attacks are avoidable with the appropriate use of standard and regular prophylactic medication, the proper education of patients, the avoidance of trigger factors, the appropriate implementation of a co-management plan between the patient and his doctor, the objective measurement of the PEFR, and the accessibility to medical care in times of crisis.# References Appel D, et al. (1983). Lactic acidosis in severe asthma. American Journal of Medicine. Corbridge T, and J. Hall. (1995). The assessment and management of adults with status asthmaticus. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Med. Cox R, G. Barker, and D. Bohn. (1991). Efficacy, results, and complications of mechanical ventilation in children with status asthmaticus. Pediatric Pulmonology. Darioli R, and C. Perret. (1984). Mechanical controlled hypoventilation in status asthmaticus. American Review of Respiratory Disorder. Epstein, S. et al. (2000). Effect of Unplanned Extubation on Outcome of Mechanical Ventilation. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Med. Groth, M. Status Asthmaticus. Retrieved from http://denverpost.healthology.com Laffey J, D. Engelberts, and B. Kavanagh. (2000). Buffering hypercapnic acidosis worsens acute lung injury. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Med. Lee K, W. Tan, and T. Lim. (1997). Severe asthma. SMJ. McFadden E. Jr, and H. Lyons. (1968). Arterial-blood gas tension in asthma. N Engl J Med. Nowak R, et al. (1983). Arterial blood gases and pulmonary function testing in acute bronchial asthma: predicting patient outcomes. JAMA. O’Rourke P. and R. Crone. (1982). Halothane in status asthmaticus. Critical Care Med. Pirie J, et al. (1998). Changes in treatment and outcomes of children receiving care in the ICUs for severe acute asthma. Pediatric Emergency Care. Rebuck A, and J. Read. (1971). Assessment and management of severe asthma. American Journal Medicine. Roncoroni A, et al. (1976). Metabolic acidosis in status asthmaticus. Respiration (Herrlisheim). Ranieri V, et al. (1999). Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. Schwarz A, and P. Lubinsky. (1997). Acute severe asthma. In: Levin DL and Morriss FC, eds. Essentials of Pediatric Intensive Care. 2nd ed. Vol 1. Sin Fai Lam K, B. Mow, and L. Chew. (1992). The profile of ICU admissions for acute severe asthma in a general hospital. SMJ. Slutsky A, and L. Tremblay. (1998). Multiple system organ failure. Is mechanical ventilation a contributing factor? American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Med. Tuxen D, and S. Lane. (1987). The effects of ventilatory pattern on hyperinflation, airway pressures, and circulation in mechanical ventilation of patients with severe airflow obstruction. American Review of Respiratory Disorder. Werner, H. (2001). Status Asthmaticus in Children : A Review. CHEST. Williams T. et al. (1992). Risk factors for morbidity in mechanically ventilated patients with acute severe asthma. American Review of Respiratory Disorder.
Saturday, November 23, 2019
Before phrenology
"Before phrenology all we knew about the brain was, how to slice it" Richard Chenevix, 1828 (Victorian Web). Phrenology was a popular pseudoscience that was founded by Franz Gall. He believed that by examining the bumps on a person's skull, you could determine ones personality characteristics, moral characteristics, and intelligence. Notions such as, are people with large foreheads smarter than people with small foreheads, were at the core of phrenology. This is what led me to pick this topic for this paper. I have always been told I have a large forehead, so I found this topic interesting. By going to hospitals, prisons, and schools Gall gathered evidence to try and support phrenology. By doing this he identified 27 personality characteristics that he believed could be diagnosed by examining areas of the head. He devised maps of the showing the location on the skull of different personality characteristics and abilities. He believed that a large fo!rehead was asso ciated with ones higher intelligence. Gall took his ideas to the general public when his theories started to be ridiculed by other scientists. He began to give "readings" in which he described ones personality based on measuring the bumps on a person's head. Since the mid- nineteenth century, phrenology has been almost completely discredited. Even when it was most popular between the 1830s and 1840s, phrenology was very controversial. It never became an accredited science. Phrenology did become a formalized social activity, which started in Britain. George
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Labour Economics, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Labour Economics, - Essay Example Discussion and Analysis Theoretical Models of Economics of Education The most frequently used model for the assessment of education economics is the schooling model. The model perceives education as a form of investment by which the people who are taking the services get themselves trained with certain skills that in future help them to work and earn wages. For example, workers who had not taken specialised training for making pins would not be able to deliver the products and earn money. On the other hand, the person who has technical training would be able to work for some organisation that would add to his living. Hence it is extremely essential to acquire skills. In the same way, both of a high school pass-out and a graduate would be able to earn money, but the former would have less specialised education and thus would always earn less than the graduate unless he upgrades himself with the necessary education. Thus the return out of higher education is definitely positive and it adds value to the earning capacity of a person in the later stages of life. The second most popular theory regarding the economics of education is the signalling model. This theory states that when a person completes his education it signals for the labour market that he is capable of doing work efficiently and therefore the person can be employed. It determined the employability of the person. The Marxist approach to education is somewhat different from the approaches discussed above. According to Marx, skill development and education were two different phenomena. The capitalist society would encourage the development of skills so that more and more workers get specialised skills and help to increase in the total productivity. This would only benefit the capitalists by increasing their profits. Instead Marx emphasises on education and states that proper education would liberate the individual from the exploitation of the bourgeois and would make the economy a socialist one (Carneir o and Heckman, 2003, p. 4). The following graph describes the relationship between the age of a person and the return on investment. The opportunity cost of funds is constant over the entire period of time. It must also be noted that there is a trade of between the time that a person engages himself for education and the time that is spent for earning some income. In the figure we find that the marginal rate of return on investment decreases over the life of the person. At the preschool level the return is the highest it is the lowest at the post school level where the curve becomes asymmetric. Hence if the person is engaged more in higher education, then he has to bear a lot of opportunity cost because the time that the person spends in educating himself could have been used for earning a livelihood. Instead the person has to bear an expense. Empirical Approaches and Difficulties in Measuring Rate of Return on Education Most of the empirical researches have proved that in all cases of high enrolment in particular countries, the growth rate has increased. Thus a positive correlation is found to exist in the level of education, rates of educated and the growth rate of the economy (Boser, 2011, p. 8). There is also a noticeable corollary along with this. The countries that have shown the least difference in the male and female
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Environmental Kuznets Curve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Environmental Kuznets Curve - Essay Example On the other end of the continuum, economists advocate that progress in technology along with sustainability of natural resources would lead to little reliance on natural environmental resources; thus, economic growth ought to be there (Beckerman, 1992). As noted by (Shafik, 1994), empirical evidence was lacking to support either of the above two arguments. Furthermore, much difficulty was faced in operationally defining the dimensions of environmental quality. Although no single parameter can be used to define environmental quality, a combination of parameters has been developed for environmental deprivation in order to demonstrate the effect of economic growth on the quality of environment. Amongst one of the first studies conducted in this regard were those of the World Development Report. As shown in Appendix 1, some dimensions of environmental deprivation (including emissions of carbon dioxide and solid waste pollution) are highly correlated with income, meaning that they increa se as income increases; in other words, in terms of these dimensions, economic growth has a negative effect on environment. Others (including lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities) tend to decrease as income increases, implying that economic growth can be used as an instrument for enhancing quality of environment. ... Firstly, growth is demonstrated to have what is called a â€Å"scale impact†on environment; that is, the larger the size of economic activity the larger the rate of environmental degradation (Grossman, 1995). This is due to the fact that an increase in income is the product of increasing factor inputs and natural resources of which waste and environmental degradation is a by-product (Grossman, 1995). Secondly, the positive effect on environment of economic growth is what is known as the â€Å"composition effect†; that is, as income increases, structural economic changes tend to increase the proportion of environmentally friendly practices in the economy (Grossman, 1995). Thus, as per the combination of these two effects, environmental quality tends to go down due to structural economic changes in the economy that is in transition from rural to urban and from agricultural to a largely industrial structure but starts to improve as the economy undergoes a second structura l change from heavy industrial processes to technology-intensive ones (Panayotou, 1993). Finally, the technological advancement that accompanies economic growth and the resulting increased expenditure on research and development leads to the adoption of cleaner, environmentally friendly technology which enhances the environmental quality. This is termed as the â€Å"technique effect†(Grossman, 1995). As the Environmental Kuznets Curve suggests, the inverted U relationship between quality of environment and economic growth implies that the harmful impact on environment ( as per the scale effect) is explicit during the early phases of growth but is ultimately offset by the positive effects of the other two effects ( composition and technique) in the later stages. It is here that the
Sunday, November 17, 2019
The Case for Mental State in Relation to the Normal Organic Brain and Essay
The Case for Mental State in Relation to the Normal Organic Brain and Non-organic Brain - Essay Example In effect, different experts in the fields of philosophy and medicine will arrive at different deductions on the mental states of patients using different approaches. In the case presented, it is evident that the doctors took these different approaches based on their philosophical principles. However, as a doctor, I consider the friend to have a mental state. In my view, there can be no appropriate approach in reconciling the doctors’ view as basing on the dualist approach, and reinforcing it with the behaviorism approach. The dualist approach acknowledges that, to some extent, the mental state may be described based on the non-physical aspects. In one way, the intelligence of a human being, which is a relative to the mental state, may not be described based on physical identity of the body. This point may not be disputed because even the studies that have sought to qualify the relationship between brain volumes and intelligence have failed, while it is also beyond doubt that one could become consciousness when the brain matter is removed. Yet the common view on why dualism is appealing is the fact that it questions and reconciles the physical and mental attributes of consciousness. For instance, it may be reasonable to ask how a blind snake looks like, how a child’s voice sounds or how it feels to swim in cold water. However, it would become odd to ask about the processes taking place in the hippocampus regions of the brain. These questions point to what is often referred to as the qualia, and it all difficult to give the mind a physical attribute (Kim, 1996). The crucial question is then that if the mental state exists independently, from the physical reality, it should be in the position to account the actual processes of memory construction to inform consciousness. Only duality is in better placed to describe these. Here, an account follows that
Friday, November 15, 2019
Social Issues With Multiculturalism
Social Issues With Multiculturalism What are the main sociological issues raised by the idea of a multi-cultural society? ‘Multiculturalism is not about difference and identity per se but about those that are embedded in and sustained by culture’ (Parekh, 2000:2). Despite the fact that most countries today are culturally diverse, it would be impossible to discuss the main sociological issues raised by the idea of a multicultural society without explaining first, what is the meaning of culture itself? The most common definition of culture refers to a complex entity which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs and habits acquired by members of a society. Claire Alexander sees culture as a set of traditions and beliefs linked to ethnicity and common origins which led to the realisation that culture is not a fixed set of beliefs, but it is made and unmade in daily life. (1996) The query of multiculturalism is not a recent topic for debate since it has been present in the political life of European countries since 1945, year that does not only mark the Second World War but also the beginning of an era of concerns and changes. The main issues raised by this matter refer to immigration, delegation of power and growing numbers of political refugees and asylum seekers. Yet, further problems emerge concerning collective and political rights, liberal ideas, identity, and individual freedom. (Rex, 2003) Furthermore, Kymlicka suggests that the diversity of cultures we are experiencing today has led to a conflict between majorities and minorities over matters such as language, autonomy, political representation, and national identity (1996). He also argues that this, mainly affects democracies: ‘attempts to create liberal democratic institutions are being undermined by violent nationalist conflicts; volatile disputes over the rights of immigrants, indigenous peoples, and other cultural minorities are throwing into question many of the assumptions which have governed political life for decades’ (1996: 2) Until recently, multiculturalism was seen by politicians and monarchs as a positive trait of modern and nation-states. However, this perception changed due to ethnic conflicts within nations such as the ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia or the riots in the United Kingdom between Asians and native British citizens. In the past few years, many philosophers and social scientists have taken an interest into the idea of cultural diversity and tried to define the image of a liberal society, answer the question whether individual rights should be expanded to groups and solve the problem of recognition which appeared it implied the denial of individual rights in the first place. (Rex, 2003) On this matter, Charles Taylor argues that in fact, recognition is an essential component of the concept of rights and individuals could be recognised as part of a group (1994). In order to expand his argument, he goes as far back as the collapse of social hierarchies and the ancient regime and states the common element that constitutes both a hierarchy and a democratic society. He claims that the ancient hierarchies were based on the notion of â€Å"honour†which even though it was a matter of choice, it defined the individuals of the society; the term we use today is â€Å"dignity†. On the other hand, Taylor states that recognition has acquired a different meaning with the new understanding of individual identity that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century. This new idea focused on the inner voice of the individual and on the concept of authenticity: ‘on the original view, the inner voice was important because it tells us what the right thing to do is; bei ng in touch with our moral feelings matter here, as a means to the end of acting rightly’ (1994:28) He also argues that identity is necessarily collective and that cultural rights cannot be enjoyed by individuals alone because they are collective by nature. However, Taylor’s position collides with the liberal tradition which is based on the idea of individual freedom and the neutrality. According to Henri Giordan, the pillar of the modern society is fighting for individual freedom rather than the traditional structures of societies. Thus, the progress of civilizations was reflected in the freedom of speech and press, liberty to gather political parties and vote, concepts which defined human rights that in Pareks` view: ‘represent a great historical achievement’ (2006: 17) Furthermore, he explains that: ‘for the first time in history (human rights) provide a universally accessible moral and political language in which to articulate our shared concerns and differences. In so doing it builds moral bonds between human beings in different parts of the world and helps create an awareness of our shared humanity.’ (2006:17) Nonetheless, Parekh suggests that human rights should follow three conditions: ‘firstly, they should be integrally related to and indispensable for a life of dignity; secondly, they should be universal or rather universalizable in the dual sense that all human beings are entitled to claim them and that this claim extends to all societies; thirdly, human rights should be widely accepted as such by a cross-cultural consensus.’ (2006:25) In order to sustain this point of view, Kymlicka states that minority rights are inseparable from human rights and mentions UNESCO: ‘the defence of cultural diversity is an ethical imperative inseparable from respect for human dignity. It implies a commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms, in particular the rights belonging to minorities and those of indigenous peoples. Cultural rights are an integral part of human rights, which are universal, indivisible and interdependent.’ (UNESCO, Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, 2001) However, the rise of democracy was brutally interrupted by the First and Second World War. National identity became a threat for ideologies such as fascism and Nazism which led to a tragic outcome (Kym1icka, 1992). Some minorities were exterminated, either by expulsion or by genocide while other minorities were assimilated and force to adopt the language, customs and religion of the majority group and were denied political rights. It became evident at the end of the Second World War that a different approach to minorities’ rights was necessary and attempts were made to redistribute collective rights to individuals rather than granting special rights to members of a group. (Kymlicka, 1996) Starting with the 1980s, a new dimension was given to minorities rights and Kymlicka suggests that ‘these changes have followed two tracks: there is one track for the specific case of â€Å"indigenous peoples†, and another track for â€Å"minorities†in general’ (2007:31) He goes on explaining that the rights that were exclusively given to indigenous peoples (the Indians and Inuit in Canada, Aboriginal in Australia, Indian tribes in the United States, the Maori of new Zealand) included land claims, language rights, customary law and representation in the central government: ‘this is a perception that is sometimes promoted by indigenous peoples themselves and their advocates, who assert that the status of indigenous peoples has nothing in common with the claims of â€Å"minorities†, and that the ideology of â€Å"indigenism†has no connection with more general theories of multiculturalism’ (2007: 34) The latter track that Kymlicka explains refers to the distinction between â€Å"historic minorities†(that were traditionally settled in the country and included groups that were considered â€Å"indigenous peoples†and long-standing â€Å"national minorities†: the Scots and Welsh of Britain, the Catalans and Basques in Spain, Puerto Rico in United States) and the â€Å"migrants†(2007). In what immigration is concerned, it appears that the countries with a high density of migrants (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States) have approached the problem of immigration through a process of assimilation with the hope that they will blend in with the native-born citizens. Solid evidence for the progress of minority rights was given by the European Union when they declared that the promotion of minority rights was the â€Å"ascension criteria†for the countries that wanted to join the Union (Kymlicka 2007) Another topic that Kymlicka approaches in his theory refers to the distinction and the connection between â€Å"collective rights†and â€Å"individual rights†. He begins by explaining that there are two meanings of â€Å"collective rights†: ‘collective rights could refer to the right of a group to limit the liberty of its own individual members in the name of group solidarity or cultural purity (â€Å"internal restrictions†); or it could refer to the right of a group to limit the economic or political power exercised by the larger society over the group, to ensure that the resources and institutions on which the minority depends are not vulnerable to majority decisions (â€Å"external protections†)’ (1996: 36) The internal restrictions imply intra-group relations- the group may use the state power to limit the liberty of its own members which raised the question of individual oppression. As an example, Kymlicka refers to culture where women are oppressed or cultures were the religious orthodoxy is enforced. Moreover, he argues that some minorities would limit even further the rights of their members: ‘it is one thing to require people to do jury duty or to vote, and quite another to compel people to attend a particular church or to follow traditional gender roles. The former are intended to uphold liberal rights and democratic institutions, the latter restrict these rights in the name of cultural tradition or religious orthodoxy.’ (1996:36) External protections imply inter-group relations- the ethnic/ national group seeks to preserve its distinction and identity by limiting the effect of the decisions taken by the majority group. Doing so, this also raises yet another issue: not of individual oppression but of inequality between groups. However, Kymlicka makes it clear that ‘collective rights’ are indeed opposed to individual rights: ‘On one natural interpretation, ‘collective rights’ refer to the rights accorded to and exercised by collectivities, where these rights are distinct from, and perhaps conflicting with, the rights accorded to the individuals who compose the collectivity. This is not the only possible definition of collective rightsâ€â€indeed there are hundreds of definitions in the literatureâ€â€but almost everyone agrees that collective rights are, by definition, not individual rights.’ (1996: 45) This matter led to a conflict of ideas between individualists and collectivists on the priority of individuals within a community or the community itself. It appears that individualists argue that the individuals are essential for a community seeing that a community only matters if it contributes to the well-being of its constituent members. On the other hand, collectivists deny the idea of a community that`s meant to attend to its individuals. (1996) ‘Collectivists and individualists disagree about whether communities can have rights or interests independently of their individual members (). Most such rights are not about the primacy of communities over individuals. Rather, they are based upon the idea that justice between groups requires that the members of different groups be accorded different rights.’ (1996: 48) Despite the fact that multiculturalism and immigration have always been present in our lives and are essential components of the modern world, it is still impossible to find the answers to the always-present sociological issues that a multicultural society rises. What triggers the majority of problems is immigration: with it, emerge matters concerning minority rights, individual freedom and identity, oppression, riots, protests for human rights, violence and racism. Economical and political issues, religion and race concerns, language and culture barriers are also consequences of this cultural diversity that we are experiencing today. The topic looks as if it appealed to theoreticians and social scientists and it still remains an ever-present subject of discussion. It also led to conflicts of ideas between theoreticians such as Charles Taylor and Will Kymlicka, both Canadians but with opposing views. It is quite obvious that multiculturalism is now seen as a persistent problem, taking into account the changes that took place in the structures of societies. However, there is no doubt that immigration improved our knowledge of different cultures, languages, traditions and food; it had also thought communities to be tolerant and accept diversity even embrace it. Economy and trade between countries has developed and societies became â€Å"cosmopolitan†. Even thought, migrants have always been put in a bad light, they are not in fact, trying to deter natives. They have good working skills and are willing to work for low-paid jobs and extra hours. Usually, they do the jobs that the natives would not do and it app ears that there are more immigrants than natives that have a permanent job. It seems unfair to argue that migrants do not help the economy of the country they live in seeing that they still pay taxes and have less claimed benefits than the unemployed natives. Moreover, due to the fact they have a low wage they can always be found in the rough area of big cities, living in modest and dangerous conditions. On the other hand, language it is definitely a cause of having low-paid jobs since most migrants do not speak the language, thus making it more difficult to find employment. Another factor of immigration is religious discrimination. Considering the recent events in the United States, Arabs and Islamists in particular are discriminated and put in a bad light. Romanians and Bulgarians also have a bad reputation around Europe and a false image which may lead to cultural conflicts between migrants and natives. Somehow, it appears that the society makes it harder for migrants to obtain necessary documents in order to reside and work legally in the country. Until recently, Romanians and Bulgarians were bound to apply for a work permit in order to work legally in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, attempts are being made to improve and solve these problems and it is quite obvious that many advantages have been gained from this. Moreover, it is evident that multiculturalism is the way forward and while modern societies need to become more tolerant of migrants and their values, the migrants have to accept the majority`s way of life and integrate in their community and nation. Unfortunately, these changes might not occur in the near future considering that minorities have more and more claims for rights and benefits and natives are becoming more and more reluctant to the controversial idea of multiculturalism, which seems to lead their lives.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Poduct Life Cycle
Note:- Company has stopped manufacturing this model. The Rajdoot Deluxe has a powerful 175 cc, 9 BHP engine with electronic ignition. This tough and highly durable motorcycle has making it a total economy bike by virtue of its low running costs, easy serviceability and high re-sale value. WiWith over 16 lakh bikes on the road, Rajdoot continues to be the favourite of the Indian masses. Its relevant technology for the Indian road condition makes it suitable for all types of terrain.The Rajdoot Deluxe with 4-gear transmission for excellent riding comes in exciting colours with chrome plated mudguard and is the favorite so far. | TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF RAJDOOT DELUXE| Engine| Type| 2 Stroke| Displacement| 173cc| Bore x stroke| 61. 5x58mm| Max. Power| 9/5000 rpm| Max. torque| 1. 37/3500 rpm | Starting | Kick start| Transmission| 4 speed, const. mesh| Clutch | Wet, multi disc| Chassis| Frame| Double cradle| Tyres – Front| 3. 00Ãâ€"19-4PR| Tyres – Rear| 3. 0x19-4PR| Sus pension – Front| Telescopic Hydraulic | Suspension – Rear| Hydraulic Coil Spring| Fuel tank capacity| 9. 2| Dry weight| 114. 0| Dimensions| LxWxH| 2095x760x1115| Ground clearence| 175| Wheelbase| 1280| Electricals| System| 12 AC| Ignition| Electronic CDI| Source: http://www. yamaha-motor-india. com/| Ads by GoogleProduct Lifecycle Control Software to manage the entire product lifecycle and data. www. softexpert. com/product-controlStart your own businessIn Computer Education industry Join hands with Aptech www. aptech-education. comPresenting Mahindra e2o The Next Gen Electric Car The Future Of Mobility Is Here www. mahindrae2o. com/know-more| Two Wheeler Showroom  » Motorcycles  » Scooters  » Scooterettes/Mopeds  » Sports Bikes Browse by Capacity Two Wheelers by Brands http://topforeignstocks. com/foreign-adrs-list/the-full-list-of-indianadrs/ http://www. indiainfoline. com/MarketStatistics/ADR http://www. equitymaster. com/stockquotes/adr. asp
Sunday, November 10, 2019
Pretty Little Liars Essay
Pretty Little Liars is the story of four teen girlsâ€â€Aria, Hanna, Spencer, and Emily whose world is turned upside down when their ringleader Alison goes missing. The book begins a year after Alison’s disappearance. Aria has been abroad for a year with her family, and the other three girls have drifted apart. When Aria returns from Iceland, Alison’s body is finally found, and the four girls start receiving creepy and threatening text messages from an untraceable number. The texts are signed â€Å"A. A’s texts indicate she knows everything about the girls, which is dangerous because each of the girls has a secret she doesn’t want to expose. The liars also have a collective secret: They were involved in an accident that left one of their peers blind. Jenna, the blind girl, comes back for Alison’s funeral. Jenna doesn’t know that Alison was the one who set off the stink bomb that caused an explosion and blinded her. The liars feel guilty for not talking Alison out of the dangerous prank. Alison blackmailed Jenna’s step-brother Toby, and he was forced to take the blame for the explosion. He too returns to Rosewood after a year of being away. When it’s discovered that Alison was wearing Toby’s sweater when she died, Toby is arrested for murder. Through all of this, the mysterious A meddles with the girls’ lives: Photos of Emily’s same-sex kiss are sent to Emily’s mother, and Aria’s mom gets a letter detailing her husband’s infidelities, which Aria knew about. Via text, â€Å"A†taunts the girls to find out his/her identity during a birthday party in the woods for Mona, Hanna’s social-climbing best friend. Hanna succeeds at discovering A’s identity, but gets hit by a car before she can reveal it to anyone.
Friday, November 8, 2019
Free Essays on St. Thomas Aquinas’ First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God
St. Thomas Aquinas’ First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God It is my view that God exists, and I think that Aquinas’ first two ways presents a successful argument for the existence of God. No doubt, the arguments have weak points which are subjected to criticism but nonetheless, in my opinion, these propositions by Aquinas do indeed accomplish their purpose in establishing the existence of a Greatest Conceivable Being that is the unmoved mover and uncaused cause. I believe that this ultimate Being is unchanging and started the universe, time and all matter and concepts of existence. In my view, this Being is what we understand to be God. St. Thomas Aquinas recognized that there were some people who doubted the existence of God because, to them, logic did not allow for or explain God’s existence. His first two ways are two proofs based on logic and observation of nature in proving God’s existence to those who could not accept or believe God on faith alone. Aquinas’ first way is based on motion. He calls it the most obvious way. This first argument, the Argument from Motion, tries to prove the existence of God as the first mover which is unmoved. Now, it is certain as a matter of sense-observation that some things in this world are in motion. Whatever is in motion, Aquinas states, is moved by something else. Aquinas then defines one type of motion as the reduction of something from potentiality to actuality, and says that nothing can make this movement except by something that is already in actuality in the same respect as the first object is in potentiality. For example, something which is actually hot, like fire, makes something which is potentially hot, like wood, to be actually hot. In this way the fire moves and alters the wood. Now, it is not possible for the same thing to be, at the same time and same respect, in actuality and in... Free Essays on St. Thomas Aquinas’ First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God Free Essays on St. Thomas Aquinas’ First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God St. Thomas Aquinas’ First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God It is my view that God exists, and I think that Aquinas’ first two ways presents a successful argument for the existence of God. No doubt, the arguments have weak points which are subjected to criticism but nonetheless, in my opinion, these propositions by Aquinas do indeed accomplish their purpose in establishing the existence of a Greatest Conceivable Being that is the unmoved mover and uncaused cause. I believe that this ultimate Being is unchanging and started the universe, time and all matter and concepts of existence. In my view, this Being is what we understand to be God. St. Thomas Aquinas recognized that there were some people who doubted the existence of God because, to them, logic did not allow for or explain God’s existence. His first two ways are two proofs based on logic and observation of nature in proving God’s existence to those who could not accept or believe God on faith alone. Aquinas’ first way is based on motion. He calls it the most obvious way. This first argument, the Argument from Motion, tries to prove the existence of God as the first mover which is unmoved. Now, it is certain as a matter of sense-observation that some things in this world are in motion. Whatever is in motion, Aquinas states, is moved by something else. Aquinas then defines one type of motion as the reduction of something from potentiality to actuality, and says that nothing can make this movement except by something that is already in actuality in the same respect as the first object is in potentiality. For example, something which is actually hot, like fire, makes something which is potentially hot, like wood, to be actually hot. In this way the fire moves and alters the wood. Now, it is not possible for the same thing to be, at the same time and same respect, in actuality and in...
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Tulving and Pearlstone Essay Example
Tulving and Pearlstone Essay Example Tulving and Pearlstone Paper Tulving and Pearlstone Paper Essay Topic: The Pearl These results show a clear difference in the number of words recalled between participants using free and cued recall. The mean score has a difference of 19. 3. This is a large difference and shows a considerable insight to the input cues have on the recovery of information from the memory. It accepts the encoding-specificity principle by Tulving and Thompson (1973). It also accepts the experimental hypothesis; the participants given retrieval cues did recall more words from the list than participant using free recall. These results reflect those gained from the study by Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) (Calculations in appendix) Discussion The results show that a person will remember more words when an appropriate cue is available as shown in the graph thus accepting the experimental hypothesis. The participants using cued recall received a mean average of 36. 5 words recalled. The range from 22-43 whilst the participants using free recall received a mean average of 17. 2 words recalled, with the range from 13-21. This shows that anomalies have not affected the result. One way in which the experiment was limited and could have been affected by is the environment it was conducted in and the participants used. The participants were all Exeter College students and have chosen to further their education, their brain is still being trained so may be more susceptible to remembering information. Many students are often asked to take part in experiments so may have been using demand characteristics, which means they might have known the study is about retrieval failure and might already have known the study that was being partially replicated. Knowing this the participants would have known how to react. If this experiment were to be conducted using members of the public the results may have been different but the outcome would be the same. This is because results from the Tulving and Pearlstone study suggests this but also anyone given cues are likely to recall more information than if they are not given cues. A way to improve this study would be to conduct it in a controlled environment, free of any distractions so that the participants were concentrating solely on the experiment. This experiment was conducted using opportunity sampling, often in busy locations. This could have affected the results by diverting the participants concentration and other information would have prevented the participant from rehearsing the words. As future research one suggestion would be to concentrate on whether there was a pattern relating to the participants sex and the score they gained. To conclude, the results show that the recall of information is greatly improved when retrieval cues are available, a significant difference in the amount of words is visible. This agrees with the results gained from the investigation by Tulving and Pearlstone (1966). This study provides evidence that the free recall group knew more than they could recall, this can be stated as both groups experienced the same conditions during the learning phase and yet the cued recall group could recall far more words.
Sunday, November 3, 2019
Global company analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Global company analysis - Research Paper Example The launch of the first transistor radio was in the late 1950’s, although it was not the first of its kind to be invented; it was however the first to be marketed out to the general public. Sony corporation has been a publicly traded company since 1958 (Akio Morita 1986). At the beginning they relied heavily on investors to help fund and operate the company. As well as the use of non-traditional marketing tools such as the hiring of regular spokespeople to use Sony products within the general public and asking them to try it. Sony managed to stay ahead of its competition by being the leaders of innovation in the electronic market. They focused their energies on inventing rather than market research, bringing the latest and newest products out on the market before there was a demand for it. Such inventions included the portable cassette player known as the â€Å"walkman†. Besides being well known for its quality in personal recording and storage devices, Sony Corporation is also the leader of quality sound systems used in major motion pictures. It is a well known global company, which offers a variety of products around the world. Sony is subdivided in two sections. The Sony Corporation is the holding and electronics portion of the organization and the Sony Group which is branched out into other sectors, such as computer, motion picture and music entertainment. ... distribution reports showed total revenue of $88,205 billion U.S dollars and according to Forbes, Sony’s current stock exchange rate is $27.58 U.S dollars, which is down by 2.30% since last year. Although the company has seen a decline in overall revenue in 2008, there has been a slow increase in sales in 2010. The sale of video gaming consoles and systems as well as the entertainment industry continues to be the company’s largest source of income. The company’s overall goal is in maintaining their reputation as leaders of technological advancements throughout its global structure. The company was originally founded on the Japanese principals of creating a â€Å"family like†atmosphere by preserving strong relationships between management and the employees. However, as the company expanded its resources on the international scale, keeping in line with the same values and principals becomes a challenge. Akio Morita believes that the only way for a company t o be successful is by its people. (Akio Morita 1986). This is the value that Sony tries to uphold throughout all its global sectors. The Sony Corporation human resources department is actively involved in group wide initiatives to help new recruits as well as existing members in enhancing their abilities and skills in order to become successful within the company. They are continuously working at implementing global strategies in order to maintain a unified goal. The Sony Group’s global initiative in developing business leaders is an important asset to the company’s overall success. In 2008, Sony implemented â€Å"global talent directors†(Sony website), their job is to seek out and train potential recruits into business leaders. To help maintain company unity, Sony also launched a job rotation program. This
Friday, November 1, 2019
CONTEMPORARY CASES IN PUBLIC POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1
CONTEMPORARY CASES IN PUBLIC POLICY - Essay Example One reason surrounding the democratic ability of basic income is, it would make available important prospects; to list but a few, the freedom not to acquire employment. Stakeholders tend to evade round the distinct implication, albeit I shall differ, it is vital to the democratizing possibility – provided the income can be pre-determined within most preferred level. Not even ideas of basic-income or capital funding utter anything regarding the level to be set. The level so proposed depends on the reasons behind this proposal. We shall assume that, for a basic-income to become significant for democratization, it ought to be adequate to make available what we call a humble but honest standard of living .This level is sufficient, as it allows individuals to have control over course of their lives. According to Ackerman et al. (2006, p 27), the disagreement among Ackerman, Alstott and Van Parijs in their essays is under the latter’s prevention on capitalization of basic-income into a units of payment. Van Parijs converges the differences between basic-income and capital grant, and explanation that disparity between them as collateral, for example; a mortgage on a house, and concentrate on prohibition against conversion of a basic income into a single lump sum. The question is whether this constitutes a significant limitation on individual freedom. As provided by Ackerman et al. (2006, p 16), Ackerman and Alstott argument is that, basic income is an obstacle to individual freedom. Young people find it hard to achieve their goal if they fail to choose to capitalize their basic-income at the same time as a capital grant. Ackerman and Alstott, consequently, see a basic- income as the constraint on change, they carve in to the Stakeholder Society, they are paying attention in opportunity and not outcome, and they present basic-income to mitigate failure, while as a stake is initiation path for success.†Nevertheless, this instigate
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