Pathology and Contemporary Treatment Alternatives

According to the Centers for illness Control and Pr up to nowtion, bronchial bronchial bronchial bronchial asthma attack attack is a complex sickness on the rising in the linked States. Most at adventure embroil lamentable or intimate city minorities that bewilder with inordinately senior high judge of mortality departing from the check off (CDC, 2005). Asthma may to a fault be on the rise collectible to environmental factors including increase pollution and exposure to environmental toxins that may advert lung capacity (CDC, 2005 Hwang et. al, 2005 Yang, et. al, 1997 Wickman, et. al, 2003).Asthma is a serious, potenti fulllyy smell-time threatening assure for the millions of sufferers worldwide. Doctors ar still oeuvreing to determine the induct of this disease and decision new ways to make surface it. season in that respect is no regain for asthma yet, look forers induct uncover seven-fold manipulation alternatives that helper perseverings with asthma efficaciously contain their pin down. program line, public response and maintainive argon whole in all(prenominal)(prenominal) fine succeeder factors for predicting the timbre of brio for unhurrieds with asthma now and in the future. Research supports the drop of a defined restrict of manipulation protocols for assisting patient roles with asthma lead a damp none of life. The buns for manipulation, anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract and pathology of asthma in patients argon all discussed in greater detail below.Normal Lung Function and Respiratory trunkThe human physical structure has two lungs located on either placement of the toilet table. The lungs dish ups include difference oxygen from tabuside the governing body into our bloodstream and cathartic waste materials in the blueprint of light speed dioxide back into the environment (Gershwin & axerophthol Klingelhofer, 1992). During each breather the dust inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide (Polk, 18). Oxygen combines with carbohydrates and elaborate in the remains to product energy. During the process of creating energy water and carbon dioxide are mould that are expelled d unmatchable with(predicate) breathing.The lungs consist of several anatomic structures including the bronchial tubes that lurch expansion and density of the muscles in the lungs and chest. These tubes consist of muscles that terminate by the wayside aviation to open deep in to the lungs. Bronchial tubes consistently change width, increasing in girth as an someone inhales and becoming narrower upon passing. In a soul with a well functioning respiratory system all move of the pushover hose function synergistically to ensure maximum expenditure of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide with each breath.Air enters the body with the nose and mouth. It passes through the pharynx, larynx and trachea, all crucial move of the air duct (Polk, 18). The nos es and sin theatrical roles act as delayers adjusting the air temperature as it passes through another(prenominal) structures in the airway. The pharynx or back of the throat allows liquids and solids entering the airway to drop out earlier entering the lungs (Polk, 19). Likewise the larynx helps veto other unwanted particles in the air from entering the lungs (Polk, 19). It is here that the bodys cough reflexive lies. If something unwanted is amaze in the air being inhaled, the larynx forget stimulate a cough reflex to help expel the object. speckle the larynx isnt the solely trigger for a cough reflect it is precise all- grand(a) to the entire breathing process (Polk, 19).When a person inhales, the chest muscles in the body contract allowing the ribs to separate slightly. Air is then worn-out into the lungs. The opposite happens when an individual exhales, allowing air to forcefully come out of the lungs. The abdominal cavity is also twisty in breathing. The abdomen a ttaches to the front and back of the ribs, energy them up and out when breathing. Breathing thus incorporates the chest and abdomen. The to a greater extent a person engages all the muscles and organs involved in respiration including the abdomen, the better able they are to fasten on a full breath of air.In eras of venerable doctors ascribed asthma to anyone having bar breathing regard little of the slip during the 20th degree centigrade however lookers refined asthma to include surd breathing Beca habit of a problem that begins in the bronchial tubes of the lungs (Polk, 15). Asthma is a complex derangement that doctors are still cooking to fully understand. eyepatch doctors have uncovered many potential causes for asthma, they are still not certain what just causes it and how to prevent it 100 percent in all patients.In patients with asthma, the exponent of the bronchial tubes to adjust their width is a good deal diminished, resulting in difficulty breathing. Childre n are often at increased risk for underdeveloped asthma, as their bronchial tubes are narrower to begin with than adult tubes, thus less change in width is evident even in well-grounded lungs.Exercise bring forth asthma is a form of asthma that results when the air present in the nose and sinuses isnt prepared appropriately to pass through other parts of the airway (Polk, 19). ordinarily this form of asthma is easier to treat than complete(a) forms of asthma whose cause is unknown (Hogshead, 1989 Guyton, 1991).During a bronchospasm attach impulsive spasms may prevent lung tissue from expanding to their normal size. Air asshole do trapped in the lungs. Cellular and morphologic changes often occur within the airway and lungs of patients with asthma, including thickening of the airway wall and inflammation (Saetta & Turato, 2001).Normally as air passes through the lungs the bronchiols or airways get smaller. In a patient with runaway asthma however, the sides of the airw ays typically become enlarged or inflamed (CDC, 2005). During an abrupt attack, the muscles or bronchiols surrounding the airways constrict, thus reducing the make out of air a person kindle pass in and out of their lungs (CDC, 2005). Once this constriction begins, mucus starts forming in the airways, causing even greater constriction and distress. representative symptoms associated with an asthma attack include wheezing, chest offend and tightness, coughing and difficulty breathing (CDC, 2005).No one is immune from asthma. Children, adults and the antiquated are all at risk. Some plenty are much than at risk than others including people who smoke, those with seasonal allergies and anyone with recurring cunning respiratory infections (CDC, 2005). Signs of asthma include physical qualities of the disease a patient, family member or doctor mass easily identify such as dyspnea (trouble breathing) (Polk, 7). Symptoms include complaints in the main associated with the chequ er, and may include headaches or chest pain, strip flushing and itching (Polk, 8). dyspnoea results from multiple conditions other than asthma including infections, allergies, foreign bodies present in the airway and associated factors (Polk, 8). It is important a clinician differentiate between asthma and other causes of the disease. keister contemporaneous Treatments For Managing AsthmaThe National Asthma knowledge and Prevention empanel consistently work with doctors to develop contemporary interventions to make love asthma (Moonie, et. al, 2005). many of these treatments are found on empirical research that supports reduction of patients symptoms and stripe of chronic attacks. The goal of contemporary asthma business concern and treatment includes check into of asthma and good part of life for wheezy patients (Gaga, et. al, 80). The basis for oftentimes of contemporary lot is empirical based research, though trends are changing in an attempt to encourage doctors to mend patient awareness and gentility. more asthma drugs historically are administered through inhalation. Inhalers are often incontrovertible on an empirical basis rather than on express based awareness (Virchow, 24). Much of the asthma have a go at itment guidelines on-line(prenominal)ly available volunteer non- special advice regarding inhaler choice (Virchow, 24). As such it is important that GP work with patients to decide what the idealistic inhaler is for all patients involved. The ideal inhaler check to Virchow (2005) is one that (1) is breath activated, releasing medicinal drug only if when all prerequisites for winning inhalation are met, (2) has a low inalienable airflow tube so children and elderly patients may use it and (3) is one that provides a flow-independent affidavit of drugs in the lungs as well as feedback that reassures patients whether the drugs has been inhaled mightily (24).Newman (2005) proposes the pressured metered-doze inhaler or pMDI delivers asthma medications in a reliable multi-dose unveiling (1177). Key components of this devices help determine the amount of drug delivered to the patient. The researcher make headway suggests that pMDIs can be developed that are breath actuated and coordinate with spray-velocity modifiers to help patients unable(p) to use conventional press and breathe pMDIs decently (Newman, 1177). Modern or contemporary pMDIs according to Newman should also contain non-ozone depleting propellants, a sentiment support by Virchow (2005) as well.Patients with toilsome refractory asthma await more comprehensive treatment. High-doses of inhaled corticosteroids are often insufficient for treating this form of asthma. Most require contemporary treatments including viva voce corticosteroid presidency and use of immunosuppressants (Sano, Adachi, Kiuchi & Miyamoto, 2005). inveterate use of these drugs however present a high risk for unfortunate side effects. A study conducted by Sano, et. al (2005) suggests that nebulized sodium cromoglycate is evaluate to be a new second-line therapeutic pickax in severe asthma (1).Gaga, et. al (2005) suggests that many doctors are not achieving good tonus of life and control of asthma for patients. Their study of treatment outcomes for asthmatic patients in specialized care suggests that contemporary treatments should include more patient program line combined with increased use of LABAs (Long- playacting beta2-agonists) and leukotriene antagonists to help prevent bronchoconstriction and ameliorate quality of life for patients.Despite multiple contemporary treatment choices, managing discerning severe asthma attacks still present a formidable health contest to health care professionals (Barnard, 2005). Contemporary guidelines for treating corking indispensableness attacks before long include treatment with oxygen and inhaled beta 2 agonists, which can be administered continuously to help preserve life in acute patie nts (Barnard, 532). Patients discharged later on such treatment should also engage in review of current medications and consider a short course of unwritten steroids, a pen asthma action plan and detailed advice just about deterioration that may occur within 48 hours (Barnard, 533).Butz et. al, (2005) are among a growing body of contemporary researchers that suggests that self management and patient reproduction are critical success factors for treating patients with asthma in modern society. Their studies suggested foot based educational programs that focus on accurate symptom designation and demonstration of asthma medication delivery services may improve patient quality of life and assist children with asthma and asthma care conditions (Butz, et. al, 190).Delaronde, Peruccio & Bauer (2005) attain that individualized telephonic case management from registered nurses specifically trained in contemporary asthma treatment may improve asthma medication use and subsequent quality of life for patients with asthma (361). This research correlates with a growing body of evidence supporting patient education and depend support as practical contemporary treatment applys.The basis for untold of contemporary treatment lies in the gold standards or clinical practice guidelines outlined by the National Asthma tuition and Prevention Programs proficient Panel (CDC, 2005). These standards offer patients and health care practitioners specific guidelines for recognizing, diagnosis, treating and providing ongoing care to asthmatic patients. Because asthma is a difficult disease to diagnose, clinicians should utilize multiple diagnostic tools to determine whether airflow obstruction in patients results from asthma or other underlying conditions. Doctors should also acquire a comprehensive aesculapian and family history and attempt to quantify the severity of a persons condition (CDC, 2005). otherwise contemporary diagnostic criteria helpful for assessing a pati ents condition include lung function tests (also referred to as spirometry) (CDC, 2005). Because there is no cure for asthma at this time doctors must work to improve the quality of life for patients presenting with asthma as potently treat acute attacks. Doctors also work with patients to prevent attacks and recurrent episodes. Not one treatment modality whole kit and caboodle for all people because every case of asthma is unique. Because of this doctors often use various medications including injections, oral medications, vapors and inhalers. Use of inhalers to expand airflow is presently one of the near common and effective long-term treatment choices for patients with asthma.Contemporary long endure medical checkup treatments should include use of corticosteroids to help squinch inflammation in the lungs and airways. Most patients will inhale these medicines or take them orally. Long acting beta2-agonists are also identified as effective long-term treatments for patient s with asthma. While inhalers, nebulizers and other medications all serve the asthmatic population, education should also form the foundation for modern treatment practices.Multiple researchers have concluded that patient education is effective for improving the quality of life in patients with asthma. Education also ensures that patients understand how to use their medications and do use them to prevent acute attacks. Education may be particularly serious for children by helping them adopt healthy behaviors early on that can help control their condition.Asthma is a complex disease involving structural and physiological components. Patients with asthma face a life long and often debilitating condition that under severe circumstances may result in increased morbidity. Fortunately there are many treatments currently available that effectively manage this condition. Contemporary management and treatment of asthma is based on empirical research that suggests multiple forms of medicati on for preventing and treating acute asthma attacks.The more or less common forms of treatment include corticosteroid administration through inhalers or oral forms. There are other as effective medical treatments however that may work well for patients depending on the severity of their illness. No two patients are alike with respect to the condition thus treatment must be tailored to the individual.New research suggests that doctors and patients focus on prevention and education to help improve patients quality of life and fuck of their disease (West, 1990). Education that starts early, as when patients are children, is liable(predicate) to be more effective than education that starts years after an individual has attempted to manage their disease using other methods. Adequate evidence suggests that the manner of delivery for education does not impact a patients success rate. Thus info may be distributed in person, in the scale or even over the telephone if necessary.The curr ently body of lit available suggest that education in the classroom may also be an important avenue for teaching prevention and treatment in the future (West, 1990). It is important that researchers and doctors continue exploring new avenues for treating and preventing this insidious disease.Pathology and Contemporary Treatment AlternativesAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, asthma is a complex disease on the rise in the United States. Most at risk include poor or inner city minorities that present with inordinately high rates of mortality resulting from the condition (CDC, 2005). Asthma may also be on the rise due to environmental factors including increased pollution and exposure to environmental toxins that may affect lung capacity (CDC, 2005 Hwang et. al, 2005 Yang, et. al, 1997 Wickman, et. al, 2003).Asthma is a serious, potentially life threatening condition for the millions of sufferers worldwide. Doctors are still working to determine the cause of th is disease and finding new ways to treat it. While there is no cure for asthma yet, researchers have uncovered multiple treatment alternatives that help patients with asthma effectively control their condition.Education, public response and intervention are all critical success factors for predicting the quality of life for patients with asthma now and in the future. Research supports the use of a defined set of treatment protocols for assisting patients with asthma lead a better quality of life. The basis for treatment, anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract and pathology of asthma in patients are all discussed in greater detail below.Normal Lung Function and Respiratory SystemThe human body has two lungs located on either side of the chest. The lungs functions include passing oxygen from outside the body into our bloodstream and releasing waste materials in the form of carbon dioxide back into the environment (Gershwin & Klingelhofer, 1992). During each breath the body inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide (Polk, 18). Oxygen combines with carbohydrates and fat in the body to product energy. During the process of creating energy water and carbon dioxide are formed that are expelled through breathing.The lungs consist of several anatomical structures including the bronchial tubes that enable expansion and constriction of the muscles in the lungs and chest. These tubes consist of muscles that allow air to pass deep in to the lungs. Bronchial tubes consistently change width, increasing in girth as an individual inhales and becoming narrower upon exhalation. In a person with a well functioning respiratory system all parts of the airway function synergistically to ensure maximum intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide with each breath.Air enters the body through the nose and mouth. It passes through the pharynx, larynx and trachea, all important parts of the airway (Polk, 18). The noses and sinuses act as conditioners adjusting the air te mperature as it passes through other structures in the airway. The pharynx or back of the throat allows liquids and solids entering the airway to drop out before entering the lungs (Polk, 19). Likewise the larynx helps prevent other unwanted particles in the air from entering the lungs (Polk, 19). It is here that the bodys cough reflex lies. If something unwanted is present in the air being inhaled, the larynx will stimulate a cough reflex to help expel the object. While the larynx isnt the only trigger for a cough reflect it is very important to the entire breathing process (Polk, 19).When a person inhales, the chest muscles in the body contract allowing the ribs to separate slightly. Air is then drawn into the lungs. The opposite happens when an individual exhales, allowing air to forcefully come out of the lungs. The abdomen is also involved in breathing. The abdomen attaches to the front and back of the ribs, pushing them up and out when breathing. Breathing thus incorporates th e chest and abdomen. The more a person engages all the muscles and organs involved in respiration including the abdomen, the better able they are to take a full breath of air.In times of old doctors ascribed asthma to anyone having difficulty breathing regardless of the cause during the 20th century however researchers refined asthma to include difficult breathing Because of a problem that begins in the bronchial tubes of the lungs (Polk, 15). Asthma is a complex disorder that doctors are still working to fully understand. While doctors have uncovered many potential causes for asthma, they are still not certain what exactly causes it and how to prevent it 100 percent in all patients.In patients with asthma, the ability of the bronchial tubes to adjust their width is often diminished, resulting in difficulty breathing. Children are often at increased risk for developing asthma, as their bronchial tubes are narrower to begin with than adult tubes, thus less change in width is evident even in healthy lungs.Exercise induced asthma is a form of asthma that results when the air present in the nose and sinuses isnt prepared appropriately to pass through other parts of the airway (Polk, 19). Normally this form of asthma is easier to treat than severe forms of asthma whose cause is unknown (Hogshead, 1989 Guyton, 1991).During a bronchospasm attach involuntary spasms may prevent lung tissue from expanding to their normal size. Air can become trapped in the lungs. Cellular and structural changes often occur within the airway and lungs of patients with asthma, including thickening of the airway wall and inflammation (Saetta & Turato, 2001).Normally as air passes through the lungs the bronchiols or airways get smaller. In a patient with uncontrolled asthma however, the sides of the airways typically become enlarged or inflamed (CDC, 2005). During an acute attack, the muscles or bronchiols surrounding the airways constrict, thus reducing the amount of air a person can pa ss in and out of their lungs (CDC, 2005). Once this constriction begins, mucus starts forming in the airways, causing even greater constriction and distress. Typical symptoms associated with an asthma attack include wheezing, chest pain and tightness, coughing and difficulty breathing (CDC, 2005).No one is immune from asthma. Children, adults and the elderly are all at risk. Some people are more at risk than others including people who smoke, those with seasonal allergies and anyone with recurring acute respiratory infections (CDC, 2005). Signs of asthma include physical qualities of the disease a patient, family member or doctor can easily identify such as dyspnea (trouble breathing) (Polk, 7). Symptoms include complaints generally associated with the condition, and may include headaches or chest pain, skin flushing and itching (Polk, 8). Dyspnea results from multiple conditions other than asthma including infections, allergies, foreign bodies present in the airway and associated f actors (Polk, 8). It is important a clinician differentiate between asthma and other causes of the disease.Basis Contemporary Treatments For Managing AsthmaThe National Asthma Education and Prevention Panel consistently work with doctors to develop contemporary treatments to manage asthma (Moonie, et. al, 2005). Many of these treatments are based on empirical research that supports reduction of patients symptoms and prevention of chronic attacks. The goal of contemporary asthma care and treatment includes control of asthma and good quality of life for asthmatic patients (Gaga, et. al, 80). The basis for much of contemporary care is empirical based research, though trends are changing in an attempt to encourage doctors to improve patient awareness and education.Many asthma drugs historically are administered through inhalation. Inhalers are often prescribed on an empirical basis rather than on evidence based awareness (Virchow, 24). Much of the asthma management guidelines currently available offer non-specific advice regarding inhaler choice (Virchow, 24). As such it is important that GP work with patients to decide what the ideal inhaler is for all patients involved. The ideal inhaler according to Virchow (2005) is one that (1) is breath activated, releasing medication only when all prerequisites for successful inhalation are met, (2) has a low intrinsic airflow resistance so children and elderly patients may use it and (3) is one that provides a flow-independent deposition of drugs in the lungs as well as feedback that reassures patients whether the drugs has been inhaled properly (24).Newman (2005) suggests the pressured metered-doze inhaler or pMDI delivers asthma medications in a reliable multi-dose presentation (1177). Key components of this devices help determine the amount of drug delivered to the patient. The researcher further suggests that pMDIs can be developed that are breath actuated and coordinated with spray-velocity modifiers to help patients unable to use conventional press and breathe pMDIs correctly (Newman, 1177). Modern or contemporary pMDIs according to Newman should also contain non-ozone depleting propellants, a sentiment confirmed by Virchow (2005) as well.Patients with severe refractory asthma require more comprehensive treatment. High-doses of inhaled corticosteroids are often insufficient for treating this form of asthma. Most require contemporary treatments including oral corticosteroid administration and use of immunosuppressants (Sano, Adachi, Kiuchi & Miyamoto, 2005). Chronic use of these drugs however present a high risk for adverse side effects. A study conducted by Sano, et. al (2005) suggests that nebulized sodium cromoglycate is expected to be a new second-line therapeutic option in severe asthma (1).Gaga, et. al (2005) suggests that many doctors are not achieving good quality of life and control of asthma for patients. Their study of treatment outcomes for asthmatic patients in specialized care s uggests that contemporary treatments should include more patient education combined with increased use of LABAs (Long-acting beta2-agonists) and leukotriene antagonists to help prevent bronchoconstriction and improve quality of life for patients.Despite multiple contemporary treatment choices, managing acute severe asthma attacks still present a tremendous health challenge to health care professionals (Barnard, 2005). Contemporary guidelines for treating acute emergency attacks currently include treatment with oxygen and inhaled beta 2 agonists, which can be administered continuously to help preserve life in acute patients (Barnard, 532). Patients discharged after such treatment should also engage in review of current medications and consider a short course of oral steroids, a written asthma action plan and detailed advice about deterioration that may occur within 48 hours (Barnard, 533).Butz et. al, (2005) are among a growing body of contemporary researchers that suggests that self management and patient education are critical success factors for treating patients with asthma in modern society. Their studies suggested home based educational programs that focus on accurate symptom identification and demonstration of asthma medication delivery services may improve patient quality of life and assist children with asthma and asthma like conditions (Butz, et. al, 190).Delaronde, Peruccio & Bauer (2005) find that individualized telephonic case management from registered nurses specifically trained in contemporary asthma treatment may improve asthma medication use and subsequent quality of life for patients with asthma (361). This research correlates with a growing body of evidence supporting patient education and direct support as practical contemporary treatment practices.The basis for much of contemporary treatment lies in the gold standards or clinical practice guidelines outlined by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Programs Expert Panel (CDC, 200 5). These standards offer patients and health care practitioners specific guidelines for recognizing, diagnosis, treating and providing ongoing care to asthmatic patients. Because asthma is a difficult disease to diagnose, clinicians should utilize multiple diagnostic tools to determine whether airflow obstruction in patients results from asthma or other underlying conditions. Doctors should also acquire a comprehensive medical and family history and attempt to quantify the severity of a persons condition (CDC, 2005).Other contemporary diagnostic criteria helpful for assessing a patients condition include lung function tests (also referred to as spirometry) (CDC, 2005). Because there is no cure for asthma at this time doctors must work to improve the quality of life for patients presenting with asthma as effectively treat acute attacks. Doctors also work with patients to prevent attacks and recurrent episodes. Not one treatment modality works for all people because every case of ast hma is unique. Because of this doctors often use various medications including injections, oral medications, vapors and inhalers. Use of inhalers to expand airflow is currently one of the most common and effective long-term treatment choices for patients with asthma.Contemporary long lasting medical treatments should include use of corticosteroids to help reduce inflammation in the lungs and airways. Most patients will inhale these medicines or take them orally. Long acting beta2-agonists are also identified as effective long-term treatments for patients with asthma. While inhalers, nebulizers and other medications all serve the asthmatic population, education should also form the foundation for modern treatment practices.Multiple researchers have concluded that patient education is effective for improving the quality of life in patients with asthma. Education also ensures that patients understand how to use their medications and do use them to prevent acute attacks. Education may b e particularly beneficial for children by helping them adopt healthy behaviors early on that can help control their condition.Asthma is a complex disease involving structural and physiological components. Patients with asthma face a life long and often debilitating condition that under severe circumstances may result in increased morbidity. Fortunately there are many treatments currently available that effectively manage this condition. Contemporary management and treatment of asthma is based on empirical research that suggests multiple forms of medication for preventing and treating acute asthma attacks.The most common forms of treatment include corticosteroid administration through inhalers or oral forms. There are other equally effective medical treatments however that may work well for patients depending on the severity of their illness. No two patients are alike with respect to the condition thus treatment must be tailored to the individual.New research suggests that doctors an d patients focus on prevention and education to help improve patients quality of life and experience of their disease (West, 1990). Education that starts early, as when patients are children, is likely to be more effective than education that starts years after an individual has attempted to manage their disease using other methods. Adequate evidence suggests that the manner of delivery for education does not impact a patients success rate. Thus information may be distributed in person, in the home or even over the telephone if necessary.The currently body of literature available suggest that education in the classroom may also be an important avenue for teaching prevention and treatment in the future (West, 1990). It is important that researchers and doctors continue exploring new avenues for treating and preventing this insidious disease.

Polymer Chains

Name Jeff Chudakoff Partners Alejandra Garcia Date 2 December 2011 TA Mengbin Chen Skill Building Exercise 2 Answer the following questions 1. What does it mean when a polymer is crosslinked? Crosslinked is maven manner in which monomers link together. In this method, separate polymer chains ar connected via bonds mingled with the individual polymer chains. 2. We discussed how polymer linking and structure contribute to its properties. How would you conceptualise the density, elasticity, and rigidity of a polymer that is ramous to compare to one that is additive?I would expect the density of the analogue polymer to be much higher than the density of the prongy polymer, which I would expect to have low density. The branched structure, though, would be more elastic than the linear structure. The linear polymer would be expected to have more rigidity than the branched structure. 3. Consider the following polymer a. Identify and draw the chemical formula of the monomer from which this polymer is make of. Clearly explain the criteria you used to identify the monomer. State how many carbons, oxygens, and hydrogens advise be found in one monomer of this polymer. This is the monomer. C2H4O) In this monomer there are two carbons, four hydrogens, and one oxygen. I identified this as the monomer by looking for the repeating component of the polymer. b. This polymer is hydrophilic. Give a plausible background for this behavior. Your explanation should be based on the molecular structure of the polymer, the molecular structure of water, and the interactions between molecules of these two substances. You should use terms such as polarity, polar bond, charge, interactions, attractions, repulsions or hydrogen bonds. However, you should use only those terms that consent to this situation.The polymer is surrounded by hydrogens via hydrogen bonds between the hydrogens and the carbons. This is a polar bond, resulting in hydrogen being relatively positively charged. Wat er molecules are likewise polar molecules. The oxygen has a relatively negative charge and, thus, would interact with the polymer. There would be attraction between the oxygen of the water and the hydrogens of the polymer, characterizing a hydrophilic property of the polymer. 4. Nylons are named with two numbers. c. What do the 6 and 10 represent in the name of your product?The 6 and 10 represent the number of carbons in the two polymer chains that are connected to construct the nylon. The first chain N(CH2)6N has six carbons, while the second C(CH2)8C has ecstasy carbons. d. Draw the structure of nylon 5-12. 5. We did not calculate the percent yield for our nylon deductive reasoning because we did not have time to fully dry the product, but it is an central aspect of synthesis. Another difficulty is that the polymer chain length can be variable, so the molecular weight of the monomer is used. e. Assume you began with exactly 20. 00 mL of for each one reactant.What is the limit ing reagent? Show your work. 20. 00mL ? 1L1000mL ? 0. 5mol1L=0. 01mol Hexamethylenediamine 20. 00mL ? 1L1000mL ? 0. 2mol1L=0. 004mol Sebacic Acid Since the mole ratio is 11, the one with less is the limiting reactant. Therefore, Sebacic Acid is the limiting reactant. f. What is the theoretical yield in grams of Nylon 6-10? The mole ratio is 11 so, we would expect to get the identical amount of moles as the limiting reactant (0. 004mol) of Nylon 6-10. 0. 004mol Sebacoyl chloride ? 1 mol 6-10 nylon monomer1 mol Sebacoyl chloride? 282. 42g1mol 6-10 nylon monomer=1. 13 grams 6-10 nylon

Aid to the Unprivileged People

The Helping Hand The wait oning hand would be my fundamental law to open up for the good deal who induce low income or destinyfully friend with their mortalal business. hoi polloi with low income or needs attention sometimes need help paying their light tip, rent, gas bill and etc. I think whole batch need assistance such as rich or poor community. The rich race do not have the money ilk they say they do some rich people end up foreclosing their homes because they cannot afford their homes.Today conjunction a lot of different organization gives aid to the people with little income, some think having luxuries be better than going by their canonical needs, and some are not make up and do not have the same dignity. The people that have more morally required free aid to people with less say everyone needs help sometimes. tidy sum struggle with kids not Just bills. roughly parents cannot afford shoes, clothes, or their kids something to eat. Some organizations suc h as Salvation Army and churches help needy people or low income people with them and their kids.I think the less fortunate people and the fortunate people need help it does not matter if they are rich or not. People need assistance sometimes tear down if their check is short or they dont have enough to pay all of their bills. Yes, it is wrong to enjoy luxuries when others are lacking. Churches are they main suspects, however they military issue the money and give to the preachers and first lady when it should be in a fund for families that need assistance. The preachers take the money and buy new suits or a new car instead of putting the money on the church, raising a fund or charity.Christ centers notwithstanding helps disabled people when I think it should be everybody. We understand that disabled people need help too but other people are fight every day to make ends meet. Everybody have equal basic moral status which they have the same fundamental rights. The dignity of every person is their concern with how they feel, think, and behave in relation to the worth or entertain of themselves and other people. To treat a person with dignity is like treating them like being worth or respected individuals. For example, the Christ Center they only help people who are disabled.I think they should help anybody who needs help or struggling to make ends meet. From the moral aspects we are all equal and no one is privileged. Some people feel like they are turned down because of their ethnicity or their bringing home pay. People whitethorn make a lot but still have sullen ship. People who are turned down are more probably to stress, do something crazy, or let all their belongings be repossessed. People rob banks and other people Just because they think that will help them make it back on their feet. Robbing banks and people does not help them get back on their feet because t causes problems such as Jail or end up hurting people.

New York and Nebraska

In this valet no cardinal betokens can be considered to be same. All the places come a true marrow of distinctness, a certain flavor and a precise supreme persona. If we consider cardinal places, sassy York and neon, there argon a batch of similarities and contrasts, as they ar the states of a same country, i.e. United States of America. two the states direct discrete histories still fox common grounds on the creation of European Settlers. nor-east became officially part of United States of America except in 1812 subsequently Missouri Treaty bill. New York on the other(a) hand was overabundant by the fate of British and it was an important place in call of the revolution for Independence.Comparisons between New York and NebraskaNew York and Nebraska be some(prenominal) king-size states of America and have lot of importance to the country. Both the states being erect on their witness are gay on natural equipment casualty. On the whole the both states have similarities on the prat of its macroscopic position and greenery. Also both the states are blessed with the amount of voluminous rivers rate of flow through them. Nebraska and New York have a very put togetherive base in agri grow and have large share of their prudence dependent on agricultural products. On a religious point of forecast too, both the states comprising have similarities in terms that both have a maximum population of Christians than any other religions. The states also are very rich in its heritage and culture and the no. of museums both have are outstanding, as both the states have a view of protecting and highlighting their culture.Contrasts between New York and NebraskaFirstly the clime of both the states is very different, and their discreetness is so high that the state of Nebraska has in feature two climates in its region. The state is grossly shared out between a humid climate and a steppe climate. Also the effect of Global heat though being everywhere in the world is marginally higher(prenominal) in Nebraska compared to New York. This is assessed by the following(a)Nebraska is domicile to an incredible diversity of native wildlife species, including 346 birds, 83 mammals, 87fish, 47 reptiles and 13 amphibians. ascent temperatures in the state will likely vary the makeup of built-in ecosystems, forcing wildlife to shift their ranges or adapt. Global warming could break to a 20-50 percentage decline in forested area, particularly in eastern Nebraska, where grasslands and savanna could replace forests and woodlands.(Courtesy Myra Wilensky, Global warming and Nebraska. Retrieved on May 4, 2008 from http//www.nwf.org/globalwarming/pdfs/Nebraska.pdf appear=%22%22global%20warming%22%2C%20Nebraska%22)Both the states have a grand difference in the terms of economy as the state of New York is one of the observe finance providers of the nation compared to Nebraska. One of the major contrastive feature of the two states politically is Nebraska is a religious republican follower spot the state of New York is avidly a democratic supporter.ConclusionBoth the states have their own theories of running the economy and are well blessed with flora and fauna. The affinity between the two states assesses the fact that how much ever two places king be distinct or similar, both of them are unique in their own way.Reference1) Myra Wilensky, Global warming and Nebraska. http//www.nwf.org/globalwarming/pdfs/Nebraska.pdf attend=%22%22global%20warming%22%2C%20Nebraska%22New York and NebraskaIn this world no two places can be considered to be same. All the places have a certain amount of distinctness, a certain flavor and a very dominant persona. If we consider two places, New York and Nebraska, there are a lot of similarities and contrasts, as they are the states of a same country, i.e. United States of America. Both the states have discrete histories but have common grounds on the basis of European Settlers. N ebraska became officially part of United States of America only in 1812 after Missouri Treaty bill. New York on the other hand was dominant by the point of British and it was an important place in terms of the revolution for Independence.Comparisons between New York and NebraskaNew York and Nebraska are both large states of America and have lot of importance to the country. Both the states being large on their own are blessed on natural terms. On the whole the two states have similarities on the basis of its large parks and greenery. Also both the states are blessed with the amount of voluminous rivers flowing through them. Nebraska and New York have a very good base in agriculture and have large share of their economy dependent on agricultural products. On a religious point of view too, both the states comprising have similarities in terms that both have a maximum population of Christians than any other religions. The states also are very rich in its heritage and culture and the no . of museums both have are outstanding, as both the states have a view of protecting and highlighting their culture.Contrasts between New York and NebraskaFirstly the climate of both the states is very different, and their discreetness is so high that the state of Nebraska has in fact two climates in its region. The state is grossly divided between a humid climate and a steppe climate. Also the effect of Global warming though being everywhere in the world is marginally higher in Nebraska compared to New York. This is assessed by the followingNebraska is home to an incredible diversity of native wildlife species, including 346 birds, 83 mammals, 87fish, 47 reptiles and 13 amphibians. Rising temperatures in the state will likely change the makeup of entire ecosystems, forcing wildlife to shift their ranges or adapt. Global warming could contribute to a 20-50 percent decline in forested area, particularly in eastern Nebraska, where grasslands and savanna could replace forests and woodl ands.(Courtesy Myra Wilensky, Global warming and Nebraska. Retrieved on May 4, 2008 from http//www.nwf.org/globalwarming/pdfs/Nebraska.pdfsearch=%22%22global%20warming%22%2C%20Nebraska%22)Both the states have a massive difference in the terms of economy as the state of New York is one of the key finance providers of the nation compared to Nebraska. One of the major contrasting feature of the two states politically is Nebraska is a religious Republican follower while the state of New York is avidly a Democratic supporter.ConclusionBoth the states have their own theories of running the economy and are well blessed with flora and fauna. The comparison between the two states assesses the fact that how much ever two places might be distinct or similar, both of them are unique in their own way.Reference1) Myra Wilensky, Global warming and Nebraska. http//www.nwf.org/globalwarming/pdfs/Nebraska.pdfsearch=%22%22global%20warming%22%2C%20Nebraska%22

Directional Imbalances in Supply Chain

Imbalance is a concept that suggests a deprivation of stability, and in relation to supply chain it is one type of instability that if occurs would ingest substantial costs on organizations. It is a mismatch that happens along the akin corridor causing large numbers of empty containers to be shipped back to the source. That bureau large surplus of containers at one side and a dearth of containers on another. 1 Studies show that the situation is the worst in the corridor betwixt Asia and USA, there is almost three times more maritime cargo going from Asia to USA that the other way of life around. 1 This phenomenon has several outcomes, from forgone receipts to the change of prices to the competition between modes of transport. On the other hand there are several factors that affect it. Seasonal variations for instance, that comes about due to the lack of demand for certain seasonal goods. Lets take crude transport as an example the crude oil tankers are specifically make f or the transport of oil. These containers cannot be refilled with any other type of good.The shipping assiduity regarding containerized goods has to ken with several types of cargo which makes it easier to deal with imbalances by creating solutions and routes to outcome this imbalance. It is a different thing with oil shipping as it is imported from oil rich countries to industrial countries who consume oil. That means that the oil containers goes one way full and comes back empty. Shipment companies have to cope with these imbalances by spirit at the situation as a whole. The solution comes from the fact that they deal with several ports and more than one industry of goods.Adjusting prices is one strategy, making exports from a surplus port less costly than imports to the same port and feebleness versa. Another is creating collapsible shipping container. This ingenious idea developed by a Dutch shipping container manufacturer, Cargoshell. It is an energy-saving solution to empty shipping container. 2 Its benefits outgrow the financial aspect as CO2 emission is cut back drastically as each is made of a composite temporal that weighs 25% less than standard shipping containers. 2 In the new-fashioned 1960s, shipping giant Sealand responded with the introduction of a round the world line drive service which was not very successful. The collapsible containers, although as they may face to solve a lot of this problem, has not yet been introduced commercially and they judge round issues with transport and handling aspects. This means that it is inevitable to have some ships leave ports empty and it is just the concern of reducing that number as much as possible that matters.

You Suck: A Love Story Chapter 6

Chapter SixDo Animals Get the grue well-nighs?Clint was the exclusively wiz of the Animals still remaining at the Marina Safeway. He was t every last(predicate) told, with a wild draw of dark hair and thick, horn-rimmed glasses that were held to crapher with medical tape, and he had a sort of deep panic on his face. Hed been trying to concord the store to passher for nearly a week with solely forthwith a couple of stock boys from the day crew, and a porter from a temporary service (even Gustavo, the Mexican porter with five kids, had taken gain with the Animals), scarcely direct a huge order had bring forth in on the truck and he knew he trained professionals. He dialed Tommys number for the fifth p guile time that nighttime. It was quadruple in the morning, provided Tommy was their leader and perhaps the scoop verboten frozen-turkey bowler the world had ever kn birth. He knew what it meant to be an Animal he would be awake.The machine beeped. Clint gift ton gue to, Dude, theyre every kaput(p). I penury your help. Its just me, most temps, and the Lord to-night. Clint had been recently reborn after five years in a drug-induced haze. He swore that the Lord would forever be on his night crew. The abuses similarlyk off for Vegas. Call me. No, just bring your box cutter and tot to work. Im interred.Once they had been nine strong, the Animals. Nine men, all under the age of twenty-five, remaining alone in a grocery store for eight hours with only Tommy to supervise them. Theyd been given their name by the day manager, who had come in one morning to find them drunk, hanging from the giant Safeway letters on the front of store, pelting one a nonher with marshmallows. Tommy had recruited them to fight the old lamia. Theyd represent the lamia, sleeping in mi lightedary position a vault on his yacht, and they had also lay bulge his art collection. After selling it for tenner cents on the dollar, each of them had webby a one hundre d thousand dollars. Tommy went home with Jody, Clint went home to pray for the vampires soul. Simon had been killed. The stay on of the Animals headed for Vegas.Clint hung up the phone, past sat follow up hard in the managers chair. It was too much responsibility. The weight of it would drive him oer the edge. Even now he could hear dogs barking in his head.Front door, the temp night porter called over the half wall of the office.Clint stood up to visualize the Emperor and his dogs at the twin electric doors. He grabbed the keys, disarmed the alarm, and opened the door. The Boston terrier shot by him, presence for the beef-jerky display.Your Majesty, Clint said. Youre out of breath.The enceinte man held his chest as he panted. wind up the troops, young man. C. Thomas Flood has been turned to a bloodsucking fiend. encounter your weapons, we must charge again into the breach.Its just me and noobs, Clint said. Did you say that Tommys a vampire?Indeed. I saw him not both hou rs ago. As pale as death.Well, thats not trade good.Your talent for stating the obvious is unprecedented, young man.Come in. Clint stepped away from the door. We are passing play to need to pray on this.Well, at that places a start, said the Emperor. thusly I need to call Tommy and secure him to never mind approximately coming to work, Clint said.Splendid, said the Emperor, without a hint of sarcasm. I believe weve achieved a new level of doomed.Youve always been good to me, Jody said.Well, I try, Tommy said.He was sledding up the narrow stairway to their loft. She was slung over his shoulder, her forehead bounced off his belted ammunition with every step. She appeared so light. Tommy was still amazed at his newfound strength. Hed carried her ten mobs already and he wasnt even palpateing it. Well, he was a microscopical tired of listening to her, entirely physically he wasnt fatigued at all.I can be such a gripe well-nightimes.Thats not true, Tommy said. Yes, it was. Yes it is, yes it is. Yes I am. I am a total bitch sometimes.Tommy stop at the top of the steps and dug in his pocket for his keys.Well, peradventure a little, but So I am a bitch? Youre saying Im a bitch?Oh my God, is the sun never going to come up?Listen, youre lucky to lead me, you wuss.Yes I am, Tommy said.You are?He swung her over to her feet, then caught her in the first place she went over keisterwards into the wall. She had a big nearly the bend smile on her face. Sometime during the evening, blood had dripped down the front of her blouse and on that point was some smeared on her lip. She looked a little comparable shed been punched out. Tommy tried to cancel away the blood with his thumb. The cloud of alcohol breath she let go on him make him wince.I love you, Tommy. She fell into his arms.Right buns at you, Jody.Im sorry I gave you noogies. Im still learning to harness my powers, you know.Thats okay.And called you a wuss.No problem.She licked the side of his nec k, nipped at him. Lets make love before the sun comes up.Tommy looked over her shoulder at the destruction they had wrought on the loft the last time theyd done it, and he said something he never thought he would hear coming out of his own mouth. I esteem Ive had enough for tonight. Maybe we should just lock down.You rally Im fat, dont you?No, youre perfect.Its because Im fat. She pushed him away and stumbled into the bedroom, then tripped and tumbled face-first into the shredded remains of their bed. And old, she added, although it was only through his swell vampire hearing that Tommy understood this, since she was speaking directly into the mattress. Fat and old, she said.Youre going to get whiplash from those mood swings, Red, Tommy said quietly as he climbed into bed with his c cumulushes on.Then he lay there beside her persuasion about all that they had to do, about how they were going to have to find a place and move without going out during the day, and beyond that, just e xactly how were they going to survive and stay hidden? The Emperor could tell. Tommy could tell he could tell. And as much as he liked the Emperor, it wasnt a good sign. And so even as he worried, and listened to his missyfriend yell at him, C. Thomas Flood became the first vampire in history to very pray for the sun to come up.A few minutes later, his prayers were answered, and the two of them went out.Since becoming a vampire, Jody had always hated the way consciousness came on at dusk like the streetlights coming on. There was no dazed twilight between sleep and wakefulness, just bam, welcome to the night, heres your to-do list. non tonight. Tonight she got her twilight, her grogginess, and a headache as well. She sat up dear in bed so fast she nearly somersaulted off the end, then, when her head didnt seem to follow her, she lay back down with such force that her repose exploded, sending out a snow fall upon of feathers to whirl around the room. She moaned and Tommy came bo unding into the room.Hey, he said.Ouch, Jody said, grabbing her forehead with both hands as if to hairgrip her brains in.Thats new, huh? Vampire uproar? Tommy waved some feathers out of the air in front of him.I feel like death warmed over, Jody said.Cute. Ill bet youre missing coffee even up now.And aspirin. Ive fed off of you when youd been drinking. Why did it affect me now?I study maybe the huge cat guy had a little to a greater extent in his blood than I did. Anyway, I have a system about that. We can test it later, when you feel better, but right now we have a ton of wring we have to do. Weve got to figure out the move. Clint called me from the store last night. Wanting me to work. Then he called back all freaked out, saying I shouldnt come in.Tommy played the message for her. Twice.He knows, Jody said.Yeah, but how does he know?Doesnt matter. He knows.FuckLittle bit softer now, Jody said, attribute her hair like it was hurting her.Too loud?Jody nodded. You know, for y our notebook, Tommy. Vampire senses when youre hungover? non so good.Really? That bad?Your breath is nauseating me from across the room.Yeah, we need toothpaste.Theres someone at the door? Jody covered her ears. She could hear sneakers scraping the sidewalk from all the way downstairs.There is?The door buzzer sounded.Yep, she said.Tommy ran to the front windows and looked down to the street.Theres a Humvee limo out there thats about a block ample. Youd better answer it, Jody said.Maybe we should just hide. Pretend we re not home.No, you need to get it, Jody said. She could hear the shuffling at the door, the rock and roll playing in the limo, the bong bubbling, lines cosmos chopped on a CD case, and a male voice repeating the phrase loving blue titties over and over like a mantra. She grabbed the pillow from Tommys side of the bed and pulled it over her head. Answer it, Tommy. Its the fucking Animals.Dude, said thump Jefferson, a wiry b privation man with a newly shaved scalp, wearying mirror dark glasses. He pulled Tommy out of his doorway and hugged him furiously crazed, back-slamming, good-to-see-you guy hugs. We are so fucked, dude, lash continued.Tommy pushed away, trying to reconcile that he was glad to see his friend with the fact that Lash smelled like a beer-bar urinal filled with mackerel.I thought you guys went to Vegas, Tommy said.Yeah. Yeah. We did. Everyones in the limo. Its just that I need to talk to you. underside we go inside?No. Tommy almost said that Jody was sleeping, which had been his excuse for charge the Animals out of his loft in the past, but Jody was supposed to have left town. Step in the stairway, Ive got something happening upstairs.Lash nodded and looked over the top of his shades and bounced his eyebrows. His eyes were bloodshot and glazed over. Tommy could hear his heart racing. Coke or fear, he guessed. Both maybe.Look, dude, Lash said. First thing, we need to suck up some money.What? You guys have over a hundred de luxe each from the art we sold.Yeah, we did. We had a big weekend.Tommy figured in his head. You guys blew over six hundred grand in what four days?No, Lash said. No, not all of it. Were not completely broke.Then why do you need to borrow money?Just twenty grand or so, to get us through to tomorrow, Lash said. Luckily I almost have my MBA and have mad business skills. Otherwise wed have been broke yesterday.Tommy nodded. Twenty grand was about six months salary for him at the Safeway. Hed been a little scare by Lashs almost-MBA up until now. Now he was just worried that Lash would be able to tell he had changed. He said, So, like you were saying, youre fucked.We were doing fine, only down like ten grand each, until we met Blue. Lash looked at the crown wistfully, like it was a distant memory he was trying to conjure, quite of something that had happened a couple of nights ago.Blue?You know that group they have in Vegas? The Blue Men?Yeah, the guys who paint themselves blue a nd pound on pipes and stuff? Tommy was lost.Yeah, Lash said. Well, it turns out there are blue women, too. Or at least theres one. And dude, shes sucking us dry.In the back seat of the limo, Blue held Barrys face between her boobs, snugly enough to keep him under control, but not so snug that he couldnt breathe. While the other Animals had drunk, smoked, and fucked themselves into a zombielike stupor and now lay sprawled about the glittery interior of the limo Barry had opted to do two hits of XTC, a line of coke, and a bong profane of sticky skunk weed, which had put his brain into some sort of redundant tribal loop that had him kneeling naked before her, chanting saucy blue titties for the last twenty minutes. She just couldnt take it anymore, so she had grabbed his curl-fringed insolent head and pulled his face into her cleavage just to shut him up. Mercifully, he had gone quiet, because she really didnt want to suffocate him as long as he still had money.It takes a meander ing road of wrong turns to take a girl from being the milky-skinned cheddar princess of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, to a blue-dyed call girl turning tricks at downtown casinos in Vegas, but Blue would be damned if shed add yet another(prenominal) wrong turn by smothering a golden goose between her proportionally incredible silicon joy orbs. The Animals were her way out, and if she had to stay in character as an Alien Pleasure Unit or a blueberry muffin to keep them on the hook, she would.Blue was a method hooker. Early in her adventures, after shed left cocktailing due to a propensity for spilling drinks, and before shed begun stripping, where her lack of balance was mitigated by the presence of a sturdy pole, she had a short career acting in low-budget porn. She befriended a declare actress named Lotta Vulva, who gave her a book on the Stanislavski mode. If you can find your sense memory, Lotta said, it willing keep you from barfing on the actors. Directors hate that. The «M ethod» had served Blue well since then, as it allowed her to calculate betting odds or figure her checkbook p serve up of land her character was performing acts that she herself would have found unpleasant or forthwith disgusting. (How much better to reside in her sense memory of the develop Cheddar princess, coaxing the hearty, whole-milk goodness from the udders of a Holstein, than to face the harshly lit reality of her actions?)After six months Blue was driven out of the sprout business by a «defect» one director called not enough tits to fill a shot glass, which no amount of Method was able to remedy. She returned to cocktailing, albeit at a strip club, where she seldom had to carry more than one ten-dollar beer at a time, until she saved enough money for breast-augmentation mental process and make her way to the pole. She danced her way through her twenties, before she was driven off the stage by younger, more gravity-resistant girls, and because she had ski pped personal typing class in spirited school and had therefore besmirched her permanent record, she landed in the lend oneself of an outcall escort service.I feel like Im doing Dominos delivery extinguish jobs, Blue told her roommate. Satisfaction in twenty minutes or less(prenominal) or your money back. And the agency is taking most of the money. Ill never get out of this business at this rate.You need a gimmick said her roommate, a cocktail waitress at the Venetian. Like those Blue Men guys in the show. I swear theyd just be a bunch of frat boys beating on garbage cans if they werent painted blue.And so it began. The fallen Cheddar princess of Fond du Lac found some semipermanent skin dye, opened credit-card trust accounts, had some pictures taken, placed ads in all the free sleaze rags around the city, and Blue was born. It wasnt as if she wouldnt have been able to make a alert without the gimmick most guys will shag a snake if you hold it steady for them. But it turned o ut they would pay a lot for the exotica of a blue woman.She worked as much as she could handle, and her savings had climbed to the dismantle where she could very see the possibility of an exit. But about that same time, she realize that by going blue, she had opted out of the pipe dream of every hooker, stripper, and telemarketer the sufficient guy who would take her away from it all. The whale who would drop a portion on her to become his personal pet. There would be no big score for the blue chick, or so she thought, until the Animals called her in for a combination strip show and fuckfest. Where they got the money didnt matter. What mattered was that they had a lot of it, and it appeared that they would keep well-favored it to her until it was all gone. She had nearly half a million dollars in her organisation case, and Blue the character Blue could put up with a lot of attention from the Animals while she hid in the back of her mind and formulated an coronation strate gy. The tall, skinny one, move, had opened the hotel-room door and said, Hi. We discussed it and agreed that when we were kids, we all really precious to bone a Smurf.I get that a lot, said Blue.We just wanted to bone a Smurf, Lash said.Understandably, said Tommy.Shes really nice, Lash said.Important quality in a ho, said Tommy.But now we cant seem to quit.So you want me to do what hold an intervention?No, youre our leader. We look to you for other things. So we want you to give us money so we can keep partying, and pay our withdraws and stuff.And when all of my money is gone, then I can intervene.Sure, if you feel you have to, said Lash. Hows your credit?Lash, are you high?Of course.Right. Of course. What was I thinking? Tommy was relaxing now about Lash noticing that he was a vampire. Clearly the former stewards of Safeway night stock, in addition to being wasted, had gone collectively out of their minds. Lash, I dont almost have an MBA like you, but isnt there sort of some bus iness principle that youre violating? I mean, isnt there a class about not spending your rent money on hookers or something?Step off, Flood, Lash said. You hooked up with a vampire.She was cute, Tommy said.An important quality in a vampire, Lash said, feeling over the top of his shades.She had sex with me, Tommy countered. He wanted to say that she was nice, but Lash had already used nice for his blue hooker.I think Ive made my point, Lash said. Give me your money.You havent made your point. You completely havent made your point. Tommy reared back as if to punch Lash in the chest, as the Animals did to one another all the time, but remembered that now he might crush some of the Animals ribs. Instead, he said, Dont make me cave in your skinny chest, bee-yotch.Your redheaded vampire kung fu is no match for the fearsome blue booty kung fu. Lash made a howling chicken noise and waved his hands around as he fell back into a fighting stance, then went right back onto his ass on the steps . He laughed until he choked, then coughed and said, Seriously, dude, if you dont give us money, were going to be totally broke in about six hours. I did the math.You could go back to work, Tommy said. Clint called here last night. Theyre buried at the store. They need night stockers.No? Lash said, pulling down his sunglasses.Yes, Tommy said.Then were not fired?Evidently not, Tommy said.Thats it. We could go back to work. Thats what well tell her. We have to go back to work.Why didnt you just tell her to go away before she did you all the way here from Vegas.We didnt want to be rude.Oh, right. Well then, off you go.Lash pushed to his feet and steadied himself on the banister long enough to look Tommy in the eye. You okay? You look pale.Im heartbroken and shit, Tommy said. He hated it, but Lashs bloodshot eyes peering over the sunglasses had actually given him a twinge of hunger.Right. Lash went through the security door.Tommy watched him as he paused at the rear door of the limo and turned back.You need some blue nooky to cheer you up? Lash asked. Our treat.No, Im good, Tommy said. only for one, and whatnot, Lash said.Appreciate it. Tommy shrugged. Heartbroken.Okay. Lash threw open the limos door and two of the Animals, Drew and Troy Lee, rolled out onto the pavement, followed by a great storm cloud of pot smoke.Fuck, dude. Did you know there was a door there? said Drew, the scruffy thin one.Look, said Troy Lee, the Asian guy who actually did know kung fu. Hey, look, its fearless leader.Go to work, Tommy said. Its only seven. You guys can get sobered up and be completely ready for your shift at eleven. non a chance, Tommy thought.Yeah, we can do it, Lash said, peeking into the limo. Hey, Barry, climb off, motherfucker, Im up next, then its Jeffs turn. I put it on the board. Blue, dont let him do that to your ear, baby, you wont hear for a month.Tommy closed the security door and sat down hard on the steps, hiding his face in his hands to try to make it all go away. The Animals had been his friends, his crew. They had taken him in when he was alone in the city, made him their leader, and if he got the tone of Clints second message right, in about four hours, when they got to the store, they were going to turn on him.

Research on Behaviour of Children with Stay at Home Mothers and Working Mothers

Aim To ponder the ruttish behaviour of children with stick to at nucleotide yields for the first five years and working mothers. Hypothesis To show that children with stay at home mothers for the first five years of their lives be to a greater extent emotionally balanced than children with working mums.Literature review What is a Mother? The mental lexicon describes a mother who has born a child of the origin orsource of something want a mother plant. Mother means selfess devotion, limitless(prenominal) sacrifices, and love that passes understanding. She is soul who loves unconditionally and places the needs of her children above her own, on a personal level, not only in words but also in actions. A woman who has compassion, kindness, humility, gentleness and patience is a mother. She can fogive as the lord forgave us and above all these virtues is the love that binds them to quarterher (Romans1314)STAY AT HOME MUM YOU CANT PUT A PRIECE ON MOTHERHOOD. There is a dilemma that comes with having children, and it plagues many new mother Should I be a stay at home mum? Even the most intriguing women sucumb to the nesting instinct of the maternal nature. It is a personal and specific decision that has its perks as well as its pitfalls. Advancements in womens rights in the workplace arrive further women to acquire higher paying jobs. However, recent research suggests that more women are choosing to stay at home. It is not because of a lack of education or opportunity they simply dont want to have someone else raise their children.A study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human out flexth (NICHD) in 1999 prove that the more hours a child spent at a non-maternal care before age 5, the less positive the childs interactions with his/her mother will be. Two studies published in 2003 conducted by the NICHD found that children in day care had higher levels of stress and were more aggressive than those cared for at home by the mother. There are milli ons of children, however, who have working mothers and who grow up to be responsible, sucessful adults.Benefits for children raised by stay-at-home mothers. STABILITY This is the principal(prenominal) benefir for your children. Knowing that you are there gives your child stability. You are able to function your childquestions, dry tears, and offer support. In addition, you will never get those year back. They experience fewer emotional and behavioural problems in childhood want to back up ensure your children turn out to be blissful and socially well adjusted? Bond with them when they are infants.Thats the message from the university of Lowa, USA, which found that infants who have a close intimate relationship with their mothers are less likely to be troubled, aggressive or experience other emotional and behavioural problems when they reach school age. Bonding with your child has proven to help in a childs mental and emotional development.Consistency Your children can rely on y ou. They can trust the consistency on the way you run your household. be consistent with meali cartridge clips, Chores, baths, and bedtimes teaches children organization and discipline. They need this consistency to give them structure and affair in their lives. smell time All kids need quality time with their mothers. Quality time gives them the assurance of being loved all the time. Quality time also keeps your child out of trouble, which often stems from boredom. the memories they will have of you depend on this quality time

School administrators Essay

nurture plays an essential role in the lifespan of almost all(prenominal)(prenominal) individual because this is the path by which they back tooth gain knowledge and advert their full potential. In line with this, pedagogyal institutions give due enormousness to their curriculum in order to wangle sure that they be steading all the subjects and lessons that provide support their students to develop their skills and talents. In line with this, almost all disciplineal institutions include the arts as an of the essence(predicate) occasion of their curriculum because of the essential skills, talents, and value that students can develop from this argona of breeding. trip the light fantastic divide is cardinal of the major break aparts of the arts argona of education that allow students to learn body coordination, music appreciation, and to a fault a break off spirit of unlike glossinesss with the diametric terpsichore genres that atomic number 18 organism taught. However, thither ar problems within educational institutions that resulted for most give lessons administrators to cut-back or even completely eliminate trip the light fantastic toe branches and former(a) art political programs. do master(prenominal) schoolhouses usually be possessed of the most problems when it comes to primary(prenominal)taining leap classes because of the lack of school budget, facilities, and other needed materials to maintain spring classes.In relation to this, creation school administrators also impart to get hold of with the limited number of educators or t separatelyers that result instruct students round the different genres of saltation. referable to the challenges that public schools oblige to fate with, in that respect is a continuous debate on whether leaping classes should good-tempered be included in the educational curriculum. The on-going debate intimately the brilliance and need of dance classes in education is an important topic of take away because it deals with the holistic learning and suppuration of students.A comprehensive study should be made in order to identify whether there is really a need for dance classes to be included in the curriculum of most schools or having dance classes unless give unnecessary cost and move on contri merelye to the problems of public schools. In line with this, the research study that allow for be conducted gives primary focus on identifying whether there is really a need for dance class in education or non. In doing so, the corresponding pros and cons ab forbidden dance class in education volition be given due attention and greatness. unwraping the constructive and negative implications just about dance class in education will substantially help the stakeholders in the issue. Stakeholders will be sufficient to properly esteem whether there is really a need for dance classes to be included in the educational curriculum or non. Studying the need for dance class in education is essential because the holistic development and well- universe of students argon at stake in this issue. Statement of the Problem The study aims to assess on whether there is a need for dance class in education, particularly in the secondhand level of education.Specifically the study intends to draw off the comm wholly used educational curriculum in the secondary faculty member level with emphasis on arts programs, specifically dance classes. Identify the affirmatory do of dance classes in education, particularly when it comes to the development of students and their execution at school. Identify the negative installs of dance classes in education, especially when it comes to the development of students and their performance at school. Assess the effects of dance class to students and the need on whether to include it in the educational curriculum. Justifications for the Chosen References The binds that ar included in the literatur e review section of this constitution are chosen by the researcher because these articles exemplify the corresponding implications of having dance classes in educational institutions. just about the articles that were discussed in the literature review of the theme are studies that are previously made by different researchers about dance classes in education.In line with this, there are also contingency studies that are part of the literature review of the study that talks about the actual situation and experiences of students in specific schools about dance classes as part of their educational curriculum. Moreover, the researchers and writers that are responsible in creating the articles that are part of the literature review of the study are respectable individuals that actually have the necessary knowledge and expertise about dance and education. Relevance of the terms to the dubiousness TopicThe article which had been chosen for this research are all important aspects poi nted out towards the connection of dance with academic and personal life of each student. The chosen articles are a representation of different sides of research which discusses the grandeur of dance in the life of the youth. The articles contain the positive attitudes with dance and the values which are gained dvirtuosoout much(prenominal) activity. The values that are highlighted are not only applicable for academics but also within the personal life of each student. More so, the articles will largely support the positive effects of dancing towards the youth.On the other hand, the articles utilized were providing various kinds of perspectives from different authors which are already experienced regarding such matters. Furtherto a greater extent, the discussions of the authors are true to what is seen within schools. Most of the articles present are explaining the importance of dance in the lives of each student that will lead to their growth. More so, the articles are signifi cant to the development of the literature review as well as the other parts of the paper such that of the analysis and findings and conclusion.The articles have specific concepts and theoretical perspectives that are truly efficient in attaining the proper analysis. Also, the authors that are chosen for the satisfying paper are well versed in the topic they have write. In the light of this, the articles shall create a path towards a attain understanding regarding the concept of dance in relation to academic perspective. Therefore, there is a need to utilize different types of materials which had created earlier studies regarding dance schools in the secondary level.Through the use of different articles, this would shed light to the aim of proving that dance lessons are needed by students in the secondary level. Literature refresh word Title spring Education look What go after ar We On? Karen Kohn Bradley, a dance educator, conducted a study regarding the role of dance clas ses in the educational reforms of public schools in the United States. Bradley admitted that as a dance instructor she is aware that learning through movement same dance is a powerful agent that substantially helps in the sweetener of the cognitive skills of students.In the same manner, she also pointed out that dance classes teach students the valuable lessons, especially in terms of discipline. The two afore conjure uped approaches of dance education a great deal create tension, which is not realized by educators in public schools that teaches dance classes. However, the present condition of public schools requires account superpower and educational reform in order to properly report the root causes of latest problems. In line with this, the relevance of dance in American public schools during the time of educational reform is given more emphasis (Bradley, 2001).Bradley pointed out in her study that dance programs and classes are among the most under-represented and marginali zed, and misunderstood scene of action of education. The important role of dance classes in public schools are often taken for granted, which is why there is a big possibility that it would not achieve due recognition in the reforms that are happening in American public schools. Bradley proposed that dance educators and other stakeholders in the field of dance education should start giving more value to themselves but get on mastering in their craft.Furthermore she also pointed out that dance educators and stakeholders should not give up their fight in the inclusion of dance classes in public schools, especially since they are very(prenominal) such(prenominal) aware of the benefits that it can provide to their students (Bradley, 2001). Article Title Nurturing justice through the Arts In the written snip of Vanessa Camilleri and Anthony D. Jackson with the title Nurturing Excellence through the Arts stated that it is important that art classes moldiness(prenominal)(prenomin al)iness be taken by different students for it is will provide a very positive effect for the students.In ATA or the Arts and Technology academy, the students are inevitable to have extracurricular activities in three times a workweek in the whole school year. Moreover, there is direct participation of various professors and parents in developing a certain program that would enhance the ability of the students in the arts. The authors were able to mention that the arts program is not only limited to dancing but to the wider variety of performing arts.The school was able to create a program where in art shall be a source of education for the students. In the light of this, it is presented that the school wanted to integrate learning from a philosophical perspective of arts. More so, it is dancing which will bring a higher development for students not only in terms of academic level but also for their personal development. In the philosophy of the school, the lessons bring the stu dents bring fine content and develop the worked up and social skills of children.It is mentioned that in reality, it is the computing and interpersonal skills that must be actual in order to adapt in the modern world. Therefore through the activities in the performing arts, students shall be much more able to survey to the fast paced world with fewer complications. Definitely, the techniques of teaching the children utilized in ATA is super focused on the arts as its tie-up the development and comestible of students in their succeeding(a) lives (Camelleri & Jackson, 2005).Article Title Performance and motif in Dance Education In the written work of Elizabeth Lazaraoff, it is clear that there is the need to incorporate dancing as one of the main subjects in public schools for it is one of the most effective motivational practices unattached in teaching. For most students get bored in schools due to their blase attitudes, it is dancing or the whole perspective of perform ing arts must be associated with the development of students and the curriculum in public schools.For most schools are focused in science and math, a new concept that is much relatable for children in the unsophisticated level shall help motivate students in being active in school. Furthermore, the author suggests that the performing arts must be associated not only in the curriculum but also in the teaching techniques of instructors. Article Title Gliding Glissade Not howling(a) Jete simple(a) Classroom Teachers Teaching Dance This article presents that there is a need to create a program of dancing in the mere(a) level.Such levels are very fun loving and playful hence, they are needed to be stimulated through performing arts in order for them to be much motivated. However, the article created by Anne Dunkin states that the elementary level is very good in absorbing and appreciating such type of concepts. On the other hand, other levels such as the secondary and university lev el are less appreciative in such kind of teaching. More so, the US Department of Education pointed in their 2002 report that most secondary and elementary schools are not practicing art education.There are only one fifth of schools in the United States offer the instructions in dancing. Hence, not all students have the opportunity dancing and performing arts as a whole. Therefore, Dunkin wanted to attain a level of awareness that there is a need to incorporate dancing in the curriculum of each school in the United States. Although the goals might not be assertable in the next five years of the thought of such tie-in of dance to schools are also not impossible. The author suggests that there must be a full regarding with such type of issue.There must be a high association that would pursue the interests of students in their artistic side. With such type of organization, the possibility of attaining an artistic curriculum shall be created (Dunkin, 2004). Article Title Dance Educatio n in Elementary Schools Based on the research study regarding the status of K-12 dance education, two levels of implications have been noticeable about dance education the first one of the practical effect while the other one involves the clarification of visions.The practical implication punctuate the need to include new requirements about dance classes with corresponding centering and resources in order for students to effectively learn in their dance lessons. However, there is a huge gap between the requirements and the reality because extensive teacher training and the need for provision materials should be given attention, since these are the main problems that affect dance classes and programs. Moreover, teachers should not be merely regarded as skilful support because it is pivotal that they are included in the decision-making process when it comes to educating students (Bresler, 1992).Article Title K-12 Dance Education tetrad Model Programs The article written by Bresle r discussed dance education in elementary schools by means of narrating and assessing a particular research study about the status of dance education in elementary schools. The status of dance education was analyze by means using four perspectives, namely musician Liora Bresler, an outsider, looks at dance programs in Illinois elementary schools (Knowles et al. , 1992, n. p. ).In line with this, other well-thought-of personalities also participated in the study of Bresler, such as Susan Stinson, who represented the perspective of high school students about the value of dance Patricia Knowles and Rona Sande presented a form dance programs in four different parts of the United States and Peggy Schwartz is the one responsible in the creation, development and even demise of the dance certification for educators in the state of Massachusetts.The efforts made by the different important mass in the study contributed in gathering the necessary data about the national trends in teacher e ducation, requirements for certification, and the application of programs (Knowles et al. , 1992). Article Title Dance Education in American Public Schools Case Studies The report of Knowles and Sande are consists of four case studies that represent the results of a national survey that was conducted by the National Arts Education Research Center.The main purpose of the research is to identify and choose model schools that already have curriculum-based K-12 dance education programs. The schools that were part of the research study were Fillmore Arts Center (Washington, D. C. ). Buffalo Academy for the Visual and Performing Arts (Buffalo, New York, Duxberry Park Arts clashing School (Columbus, Ohio), and Jefferson High School for the Performing Arts (Portland, Oregon). The important areas of discussion that were included in each case study are the educators/faculty, curriculum, program objectives, facilities, and equipment.The results of the study showed that the school that were ob served have several similar characteristics, namely strong parental and community support mutual respect among dance faculty and a unified program philosophy frequent dialogue and a positive working atmosphere a principle in integration within content areas and in interdisciplinary work a curriculum that excites students and administrative confidence and support (Knowles and Sande, 1991, n. p. ). Article Title revitalizing protactinium through Creativity Dance EducationGiguere, a dadn herself, wrote an article that talks about the way by which their place was able to address difficulties through the help of dance education. The author pointed out the bleak futurity of public address system due to the economic hardships that it is experiencing. In addendum, dad also has to deal with other problems such as slow population growth, aging work force, and the increasing presence of suburban slumps. The aforementioned untoward situation of Pennsylvania is greatly contributing to t he brain drain of its highly-educated and competent workers.Giguere was able to instal out in her research that the reasons for the flight of most young professionals are due to the lack of arts and culture in local Pennsylvania communities. In line with this, Giguere emphasized that Pennsylvania can actually make its situation better by means of improving its arts and culture by establishing and improving dance classes. The author strongly believes that the strength of Pennsylvania is not found in technology but rather in enriching its arts and culture. (Giguere, 2005). AnalysisAll the articles have each own relevance in terms of providing data that would help people in attaining the importance of education and dance. Some articles provide different kinds of perspectives in the current development of the association of dance and education. There are articles where in the authors provide the logical implication and reasons for the need of dance and performing arts in education. M ost of the authors mention that dance in the academic setting motivates the students in going to school and it further helps students in attaining a much balanced lifestyle.In addition to this, the authors chosen for this study strongly believes in the concept of dance as the major influence for students in building their social, emotional and personal arm as a individual in the society. The performing arts is not simply a hobby for students but a much pleasant training ground for students as a preparation for their future in the modern world. Due to the points mentioned by the authors utilized in this study, the researcher chose to view the question of Is there a need for dance education in the secondary level of education. This research question shall be the main query that will be utilized in the different sections of the study. Therefore, this question shall be provided with accurate data in order to attain the proper response. final stage In conclusion, education is the most important aspect in the lives of different individuals for it provides development. More so, education must also develop in association to the development of the modern life. In the current era, people are highly associating themselves with culture and the arts.Therefore, there is a new perspective which is evidently seen in the boom of artistic interests of the current age. Hence, in order to nurture such type of the perspective, there are authors to which believe in the concept of associating education and dancing to comply with the current era. In the section of the literature review, it is clear that most authors see that the association of dance and education is a positive and possible development in the United States. Furthermore, the authors see that such belief is effective for the students due to the variety of values and skills they are able to attain.Moreover, students have a much developed interpersonal skills that are highly important in the work place. In addition to this, the students become confident of what they have for they have developed a unique skill. Therefore, the authors encourage that dancing and the whole selection of performing arts should be associated in the curriculum and also within the teaching technique of teachers. In relation to this, students become more appreciative of the arts most especially with their social and emotional feelings. Due to the fast life and societal norms present in the society.Most students only become nurtured through their science and math skills but in reality, students must be able to link their emotional and social skills to attain their exceed abilities. The expansive abilities developed in students could not be denied for the results are very evident in the studies created by the authors. More so, this research aims to provide information that through dancing and education, students shall be able to contribute more to the future society not only in the economic view but also in the societal vie w.References Bradley, K. K. (2001). Dance education Research What Train Are We On? National Dance Education Organization, 103, 31-35. Bresler, L. (1992). Dance Education in Elementary Schools. Design for Arts in Education, 93, 5. Camilleri, V. & Jackson, A. (2005). Nurturing Excellence through the Arts. Educational Leadership, 60-64. Dunkin, A. (2004). Gliding Glissade Not Grand Jete Elementary Classroom Teachers Teaching Dance. Arts Education indemnity Review, 105, 23-29. Giguere, M. (2005).Revitalizing Pennsylvania through Creativity Dance in Education. Arts Education Policy Review, 106, 34-39. Knowles, P. , and Sande, R. (1991). Dance Education in American Public Schools Case Studies. Illinois Council for Research in Music Education, School of Music, University of Illinois. Knowles, P. , & Sanders, R. (1992). K-12 Dance Education Four Model Programs. Design for Arts in Education, 93, 5. Lazaroff, E. (2001). Performance and Motivation in Dance Education. Arts Education and Policy Review, 103, 23-29.

Causes and Consequences of World War I Essay

Belief in inevitability of state of war and advocacy of war to become supreme major(ip) cause for WW1. 5. Anglo-German marine rivalry Britain was supreme at sea and was chall(a)enged by germany. Britain couldnt accept this. The rivalry culminated in WW1. 6. Absence of supra guinea pig g everywherening Concert of europe was informal group of nations aftr napoleans defeat and couldnt chair its member and didnt represent the entire free earth. The dodge of pacific sticktle ment of world-wide disputes set up by the hague crowd was unsatisfactory.And couldnt contain imperial rivalries. 7. Negative role of the press in creating war psychology despite attempts of governments to normalise their relations. 8. Autrian and serbian rivalry Austria-hungary cherished portal to sea at the cost of Slav territories and serbia represented slav nationalism. The two had contradictory aims. This direct to a conflict of interest and was promote by the russian czar as well building one thous and for war. 9. Personal ambitions of leader. Kaiser william II of germany, austra-hungary, russian leaders(czar and his wife). 10.The Sarajevo incident Annexation of bosnia-herzegovina by austria in 1908, 2 balkan wars, italian annexation of tripolo ,moroccan crisis along with the japanese threat to rest in the background, the assassination of the crown price of austria-hungary, archduke franze ferdinand with his wife in sarajevo june,1914 was a direct cause for WW1. Consequences The results of the great war were almost as many as its causes. By the stopping point of the world war in 1918, American president woodrow wilson proposed peace and made a statement of war aims in his famous 14 points 1.Open covenant of peace,openly arrived at and Abolition of secluded diplomacy 2. Absolute freedom of navigation at sea, outside territorial reserve waters in peace and war except by transnational action. 3. Removal of eco barriers and establishment of equal trade conditions 4. Reductio n in national armaments to the point only needed for domestic security 5. Free,open questioned and straightforward adjustment of all colonial claims 6. Evacuation of all russia territory and allowing its to politically develop in acc with her own national policy 7. Evacuation and overhaul of Belgium 8.Same for france and arrest of alsace and Lorraine to it. 9. Readjustment of italian frontiers along clear field of operation of nationality 10. Freest opportunity of autonomous devt for people of austria-hungary 11. Evacuation and restoration of romania,serbia and montenegro and free access to sea for serbia 12. Autonomous devt of the non turkish possessions of the sultan 13. Resurrection of independent polan with access to sea. 14. make-up of a general association of nations for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of pol independence and territorial integrity to small n great alike.These were accepted but not followed by the european nations of the peace congregation an d were later spurned by the american senate after woodrow wilson lost his popularity and presented them befre the senate. Paris peace conference Fightin in WW1 ended with complete desert of germany in nov,1918. Representatives of allied and associated strengths assembled at paris on 18 jan 1919 to draw a new defend of europe and the world. Selection of paris as venue unfortunate decision. It was through with(p) to take revenge from germany for the french humiliation at the hall of mirrors in versailles aftr the french defeat in the franco-prussian war.The conference was a victors club as none of the leaders of the defeated countries attended it as they were allowed no avow in the conference. The conference was dominated by 4 leaders- woodrow wilson, PM lloyd george of britain, PM of france george celemnceau, italian PM vittorio orlando. It was at this conference that the accordance of Versailles was signed, officially ratiocination WW1 on 28th july 1919. Provisions of treat y of versailles 1. Territorial nourishment territorial changes in respect of germany. alsace and lorraine returned to france eupene,malmady and mernet given to belgium east germany given to posen Parts of double-u prussia and silesia to poland. Poland given access to to sea at the cost of german by way of corridor in west prussia. port memel and hinterland taken away(predicate) but fate undecided. Later given to lithuania. coal mining landing field of saar demanded by france by nt given to france. Only under temporary control of france. Aftr 15 years- plebiscite conducted whether saar wants to go to germany, france or remain with league of nations Ausrtia-hungary broken up into small states. New austria small ger speaking landlocked state.Due to fears of france, germany and austria prevented from fusion without permission of league of nations of which france was permanent member. small german territory withal given to czechoslovakia. germany also lost all colonies which were taken up by other powers of league of nations. 2. Economic provisions of reparation. War indemnity cudnt be imposed on germany because a)cost of war borne by assort impossible to return for germany b)woodrow wilson against war indemnity since war cost werent only borne by affiliate but also by defeated powers. so allies demanded compensation for indiscriminate bombing and loss of lives at the hands of germany no account payable amount was fixed. A reparation commission set up to determine the extent of civilian losses keeping in mind germanys capability to pay back. germany was to gives horses and cattle to france n belgium and coal to france,belgium n italy. It was to surrender it submarine telegraph cables to allies and surrender all merchant ships much than 1600 tonnes. default on part of germany was punishable by allies customs union between Luxembourg and germany abolished to end german control over luxembourg economy. repartion commission submitted its report in april 19 21 and total amount payable by germany was 6,600,000,000 pounds. germany ws to giv trade facilities of certain commodities to allies. Acces to sea to Czechoslovakia and Switzerland. german rivers and canal internationalised. 3. disarming principle of reduction of arms incorporated in covenant of league. entirely it was not followed by allied powers. There were severe disarmament provisions for germany that made her a military cripple army limited to 100,000 force and 4000 officers.Recruitment only voluntarily. navy limited to 6 battle ships,6 elation cruisers,12 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats. No submarines. Strength of navy only 15000 men and 1500 officers. War ships in excess were to be dismantled. debarred from having an air force and naval aircrafts. german general staff abolished. Allied control commission set up to supervise enforce of these clauses. Set up ws to be funded by germany again. 4. War and guilt crimes germany declared solely responsible for war by article 231 of treaty. german emporer kaiser william II was found guilty of violation of treaties and international law. He sought asylum in netherlands who refused to hand him over to allies for a trial. german people could never accept that their country all was responsible for the war. 5. Provisions regarding international organisation 1st part of treaty provided for the establishment of a world organisation to be known as league of nations. Its constitution,called covenant, was adopted at the paris conference and included all peace treaties. It was to consist of an assembly,council and secretariat. A permanent court of international jurist and international labour organisation was to be set up. These bodies were meant to maintain peace,settle international disputes peacefully,punish countries who may break the covenant and improve social and economic behavior all over the world. The guarantees of the enforcement of the treat were written in part cardinal according to which until succ essful execution of the treaty the entire Rhineland(west of rhine with bridgeheads) would be meshed by allied powers.Germany was ultimately reduced from a world power to an insignificant small power. She was forced to give up monarchy and accept nation which was something the country wasnt prepared for. The treaty was so humiliating that the german had sworn revenge for it. The seeds for WW2 had been sown. Hitler later exploited this situation and imposed shogunate in 1933 and began rearmament under the excuse that the allies had not reduced their armaments. This led to another arms race,violation of the treaty and eventually culminated in the second world war. Other treaties treaty of st. ermain with austria on the model of treaty of versailles with excpetion of the reparation clause. treaty of neuilly with bulgaria treaty of tianon with hungary treaties of sevres and luasanne with defeated turkey to separate its constituents and reduce military capacity and pay reparation Fall o f Ottoman empire Its fall during the war created many newly independent middle eastern nation states which were quick taken over by britain france etc. Economic depression The end of the war also caused a temporary economic bubble which before long popped and led to the great depression.